Research Methodology

Mixed Method Design

Presented by: Netra Kumar
Manandhar
Kathmandu University
School of Education
Course Facilitator: Mr. Binod Pd. Pant
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 Presentation Outlines…
1. What is mixed method design ?
2. Different types of ‘mixed method design’
3. Key characteristics of mixed method design
4. Steps of conducting a mixed methods study.
5. Criteria for evaluating a mixed method study
6. Potential ethical issues in MMR design

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 How would we combine two types of data?

Qualitative Text Data Quantitative Numeric Data

 This is a sample of a text

 23425231123423321
file of words that might be
collected on interview 11534123144554121
transcripts, observation 43351423155221535
field notes, or optically- 13153225132443124
scanned documents. 2241554215
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 Quantitative data Qualitative data
 Interviews
 Instruments
 Observations
 Checklists
 Documents studies
 Survey  Case study
 census  Audio-visual
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 Records materials

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 Quantitative analysis Qualitative analysis
 Use statistical analysis,  Use text and images,
o For description o For coding
o For comparing groups o For theme
development
o For relating variables
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o For relating
themes

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 How methods can be mixed ?
Types of mixing Reasons

1. Two types of research question. One fitting a quantitative approach and the
other qualitative.
2. The manner in which the research Preplanned (quantitative) versus
questions are developed. participatory/emergent (qualitative).

3. Two types of sampling procedure. Probability versus purposive.

4. Two types of data collection Surveys (quantitative) versus focus groups

procedures. (qualitative).
5. Two types of data analysis. Numerical versus textual (or visual).
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6. Two types of data analysis. Statistical versus thematic.

7. Two types of conclusions. Objective versus subjective interpretations.

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 A mixed method researcher…

 Collects both quantitative and qualitative data

 ‘Mixes’ them
 ‘Mixes’ them at the same time(concurrently) or one after
another (sequentially)
7  Emphasizes both equally or unequally

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 Definition
Mixed methods research is a procedure for collecting, analyzing and
“mixing” both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or a
series of studies to understand a research problem. -Creswell & Plano
Clark(2011)

The purpose of this form of research is that both qualitative and

quantitative research, in combination, provide a better understanding of a
8 research problem or issue than either research approach alone.

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 When do we conduct a mixed methods study ?

 When…..
 we have both quantitative and qualitative data
 one type of research is not enough to explain or to
answer the question
 we want qualitative research to help explain quantitative
findings
 we want to generalize findings to a large population
9  we want to provide alternative perspectives in a study

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 1. The convergent Parallel Design Four
2. The Explanatory Sequential Design Basic
3. The Exploratory Sequential Design Design
4. The Embedded Design of MMR

1. The Transformative Design Complex Design of

10 2. The Multiphase Design MMR

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 The Convergent Parallel
The researcher… Design

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 Continue…
Characteristic

 Data Collection Priority (Equal)

 Sequence (Concurrently/ Simultaneously)
 Use of Data (To Compare Similar/Dissimilar)

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 The Explanatory Design
 An explanatory sequential mixed methods design consists of first
collecting quantitative data and then collecting qualitative data to help
explain or elaborate on the quantitative results.
 Example: You first conduct a survey and then follow up with a few
individuals who answered positively to the questions through
interviews

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 Continue…
Characteristic
 Data collection:- 2-phases
 Data Collection Priority (Quantitative Data)
 Sequence (First Quantitative Data and then Qual.)
 Use of Data (To Refine, Polish, Elaborate)

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 The Exploratory Design
 Viewing the study as a two-phase project
 It involves the procedure of first gathering qualitative data to explore
a phenomenon and then collecting quantitative data to explain
relationship found in the qualitative data.
 Example: You collect qualitative diary entries, analyze the data
for themes, and then develop an instrument based on the themes
to measure attitudes on a quantitative survey administered to a
large sample.

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 Continue…
Characteristic
 Data collection:- 2-phases
 Data Collection Priority (Qualitative Data)
 Sequence (First Qual. & then Quant.)
 Use of Data (To Refine, Polish, Elaborate)

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 The Embedded Design

 Both forms of data goes simultaneously or sequentially

 but one form of data play supportive role to other form
 The researcher ….
Gives priority to the major form of data collection ( Quant. Most
often)
Collects second form of data to support the first form (most
often
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Qual.)
 The secondary method is “embedded” or “nested” within the
predominant method and addresses a different question.

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 Continue…
Characteristic
 Data Collection Priority (Often Quant./Often Qual.)
 Sequence (Sequentially / Simultaneously)
Use of Data (To Provide additional Source or
Argument)

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 The Transformative Design
 Use one of four mixed research design
 Framework provides orienting lens for the mixed method
design
 The intent
o To address social issues faced by the group of people

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 The Multiple Design

1. Use any one of four design

2. Most complex design
3. Examine problem or topic through a series of phases or separate studies

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 Major Characteristics of MMR Design

 Provide a rationale for the design

 Include collecting both (Quant. & Qual.) data
 Consider Priority:- Weight of data
 Consider Sequence: - Sequence of data collection
 Match the data analysis to a design: - challenging procedure
21  Diagram the procedures

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 Steps of Conducting Mixed Method Study

Step 1:- Determine if a mixed methods study is ‘feasible’

Step 2:- Identify a rationale for mixing methods
Step 3:- Identify a data collection strategy
Step 4:- Develop Quant., Qual. & Mixed methods Questions
Step 5:- Collect Quant. & Qual. Data
Step 6:- Analyze data separately, concurrently, or both
22 Step 7:-Write the ‘report’ as a one or two-phase or a multiple
phase study

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 Diagram of steps of mixed method
23 designs

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 Criteria for evaluating MMR Design

 Describes that mixed method is the best approach to answer

the research questions.
 Incorporates both qual. & quant. data collection and analysis
 Explicitly combines or mixes the two datasets
 Frames the study within one of the MMR design
 Provides a diagram of the procedures – timing, priority, and
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 Signals to the reader that the study is using MMR design

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 Major Ethical Issues in MMR Design

 In convergent design:- the two different sample size (Quant. & Qual.)
 In an explanatory design:- need large quant. Data to follow up qual.
database – participant may not provide the actual data
 In an embedded design:- for initial qualitative interviews – place
participants into a control group – no beneficial treatment

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 Some strengths of MMR…

 Can be easy to describe and to report

 Can be useful when unexpected results arise from a prior
study
 Can help to generalize qualitative data
 Helpful in designing and validating an instrument
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 Can position research in a transformative framework

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 Some weaknesses of
MMR…
 Maximum Time required.
 Discrepancies between different types of data.
Can be difficult to decide when to proceed in
sequential designs.
 Little guidance on transformative methods.
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 References
 Creswell, J. W. (20015). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed

Method Approaches. 5th ed.

 Bryman, A. (2008). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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