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Pressur Measuement

This document discusses different types of pressure measurement devices and techniques. It describes absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and differential pressure. It also discusses static and dynamic pressure, and how instruments can measure total pressure. The document then provides details on specific pressure measurement devices, including the McLeod gauge, Bourdon tube pressure gauge, and aneroid barometer. It explains how each device works and its typical measurement ranges.

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Channa Brar
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76 views11 pages

Pressur Measuement

This document discusses different types of pressure measurement devices and techniques. It describes absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and differential pressure. It also discusses static and dynamic pressure, and how instruments can measure total pressure. The document then provides details on specific pressure measurement devices, including the McLeod gauge, Bourdon tube pressure gauge, and aneroid barometer. It explains how each device works and its typical measurement ranges.

Uploaded by

Channa Brar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESSUR MEASUEMENT

WEEK÷5th

LECTUREE-CHANAN SINGH BRAR


Absolute, gauge and differential pressures - zero reference
Although pressure is an absolute quantity, everyday
pressure measurements, such as for tire pressure, are
usually made relative to ambient air pressure. In other
cases measurements are made relative to a vacuum or to
some other ad hoc reference. When distinguishing between
these zero references, the following terms are used:
Absolute pressure is zero referenced against a perfect
vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric
pressure.
Gauge pressure is zero referenced against ambient air
pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus
atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted.
Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between
two points.
Static and dynamic pressure
Static pressure is uniform in all directions, so pressure
measurements are independent of direction in an
immovable (static) fluid. Flow, however, applies additional
pressure on surfaces perpendicular to the flow direction,
while having little impact on surfaces parallel to the flow
direction. This directional component of pressure in a
moving (dynamic) fluid is called dynamic pressure. An
instrument facing the flow direction measures the sum of
the static and dynamic pressures; this measurement is
called the total pressure or stagnation pressure. Since
dynamic pressure is referenced to static pressure, it is
neither gauge nor absolute; it is a differential pressure.
A McLeod gauge, drained of mercury
McLeod gauge
A McLeod gauge isolates a sample of gas and compresses it in a
modified mercury manometer until the pressure is a few mmHg.
The gas must be well-behaved during its compression (it must not
condense, for example). The technique is slow and unsuited to
continual monitoring, but is capable of good accuracy.
Useful range: Above 10-4 torr (roughly 10-2 Pa) as
high as 10−6 Torr (0.1 mPa),0.1 mPa is the lowest
direct measurement of pressure that is possible with
current technology. Other vacuum gauges can
measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by
measurement of other pressure-controlled properties.
These indirect measurements must be calibrated to SI
units via a direct measurement, most commonly a
McLeod gauge.
BOURDEN TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE
The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened
tube tends to change to a more circular cross-section when
pressurized. Although this change in cross-section may be
hardly noticeable, and thus involving moderate stresses within
the elastic range of easily workable materials, the strain of the
material of the tube is magnified by forming the tube into a C
shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to
straighten out or uncoil, elastically, as it is pressurized. FIG-
Shows a burden tube pressure gauge.
Mechanical details

Mechanical details
Stationary parts:
•A: Receiver block. This joins the inlet pipe to the fixed end
of the Bourdon tube (1) and secures the chassis plate (B).
The two holes receive screws that secure the case.
•B: Chassis plate. The face card is attached to this. It
contains bearing holes for the axles.
•C: Secondary chassis plate. It supports the outer ends of
the axles.
•D: Posts to join and space the two chassis plates.
Moving Parts:
1. Stationary end of Bourdon tube. This communicates with the inlet
pipe through the receiver block.
2.Moving end of Bourdon tube. This end is sealed.
3.Pivot and pivot pin.
4.Link joining pivot pin to lever (5) with pins to allow joint rotation.
5.Lever. This an extension of the sector gear (7).
6.Sector gear axle pin.
7.Sector gear.
8.ndicator needle axle. This has a spur gear that engages the sector gear
(7) and extends through the face to drive the indicator needle. Due to
the short distance between the lever arm link boss and the pivot pin and
the difference between the effective radius of the sector gear and that
of the spur gear, any motion of the Bourdon tube is greatly amplified. A
small motion of the tube results in a large motion of the indicator
needle.
9.Hair spring to preload the gear train to eliminate gear lash and
hysteresis.
Diaphragm

A pile of pressure capsules with corrugated diaphragms in an aneroid


barograph.
A second type of aneroid gauge uses the deflection of a flexible membrane that
separates regions of different pressure. The amount of deflection is repeatable
for known pressures so the pressure can be determined by using calibration.
The deformation of a thin diaphragm is dependent on the difference in pressure
between its two faces. The reference face can be open to atmosphere to
measure gauge pressure, open to a second port to measure differential
pressure, or can be sealed against a vacuum or other fixed reference pressure
to measure absolute pressure. The deformation can be measured using
mechanical, optical or capacitive techniques. Ceramic and metallic diaphragms
are used.
Useful range: Above 10-2 Torr (roughly 1 Pa)
For absolute measurements, welded pressure
capsules with diaphragms on either side are often
used.
Shape:
•Flat corrugated
•flattened tube
•capsule
Bellows
In gauges intended to sense small pressures or pressure
differences, or require that an absolute pressure be measured,
the gear train and needle may be driven by an enclosed and
sealed bellows chamber, called an aneroid, which means
"without liquid". (Early barometers used a column of liquid
such as water or the liquid metal mercury suspended by a
vacuum.) This bellows configuration is used in aneroid
barometers (barometers with an indicating needle and dial
card), altimeters, altitude recording barographs, and the
altitude telemetry instruments used in weather balloon
radiosondes. These devices use the sealed chamber as a
reference pressure and are driven by the external pressure.
Other sensitive aircraft instruments such as air speed
indicators and rate of climb indicators have connections both
to the internal part of the aneroid chamber and to an external
enclosing chamber.

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