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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics - Lecture 2

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only change forms. It provides that during any thermodynamic process or cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the net work plus the change in internal energy of the system. For a stationary system undergoing a process, the First Law takes the form that the net heat transfer minus the net work is equal to the change in internal energy of the system.

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56 views13 pages

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics - Lecture 2

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only change forms. It provides that during any thermodynamic process or cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the net work plus the change in internal energy of the system. For a stationary system undergoing a process, the First Law takes the form that the net heat transfer minus the net work is equal to the change in internal energy of the system.

Uploaded by

saumya irugalbandara
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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First Law of Thermodynamics

Overview

 First Law of Thermodynamics also known


as the Law of Conservation of Energy
provides a sound basis for studying the
relationships among the various forms of
energy and energy interactions.
 Law of Conservation of Energy states that
energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but can only be transformed from
one energy form to another.
2
First Law of Thermodynamics

 During any cycle, that a thermodynamic


system has undergone, the net heat
transfer is proportional to the net work
transfer.
 Q  W
 Q   W
 Q   W 3
First Law of Thermodynamics contd..

 Traditionally the First Law is defined for a


cycle.
 However in practice, we often encounter
thermodynamic processes in addition to
cycles.
 Hence, it would be useful to deduce the
First Law for such processes.
4
First Law for Processes
• Consider a System undergoing a process,
from State 1 to State 2.
Q  W  Esystem

Q  Q2  Q1  Q12 W  W2  W1  W12
Esystem  E2  E1  E12

Hence Q12  W12  E12


• The subscript ‘12’ signifies the change in
each of the quantities during the process 1..2. 5
First Law for Processes contd..

• The First Law can be written in differential


form as follows (for reversible processes)
Q  W  dE
• In terms of rate of energy transfer the
First Law can be written as follows.
. . dE . . .
Q W  or Q W  E
dt
6
Energy Balance
 The net change (increase or decrease) in
the total energy of the system during a
process is equal to the difference between
the total energy entering and the total
energy leaving the system during that
process.

7
Energy Balance contd..

 This statement is often referred to as the


Energy Balance of the system and is
applicable to any system undergoing any
type of process.
 The successful use of this relationship to
solve engineering problems depends on
understanding the various forms of energy
and the forms of energy transfer.

8
Change of Energy of a System

 The determination of the energy change of


a system during a process (ΔEsystem)
involves the evaluation of the energy of the
system at the beginning and at the end of
the process, and taking the difference.
Hence

9
Change of Energy of a System contd..

 Energy can exist in different forms such as Internal


energy, Kinetic energy, Potential energy, Electrical
energy, Magnetic energy etc.
 The sum of the aforementioned energy forms
constitutes the total energy of the system (Esystem) .
 For simple systems, the change in the total energy
of a system during a process is the sum of the
changes in its Internal Energy (U), Kinetic Energy
(KE) and Potential Energy (PE).
10
Change of Energy of a System contd..

Esystem  U  KE  PE


where
U  mu2  u1 
1

2
KE  m V2  V1
2
2

PE  mg z2  z1 
11
Change of Energy of a System contd..

 Most thermodynamic systems encountered


in practice are stationary and do not involve
any changes in kinetic energy and potential
energy during a process. Hence for
stationary systems
PE  KE  0

Esystem  U
12
Change of Energy of a System contd..

 Hence the First Law of Thermodynamics


can be expressed for stationary systems
undergoing a certain process, in the general
form as follows.
Q  W  Esystem

Q  W  U Q  W  dU
. . .
Q W  U 13

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