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Phy1204 Atoms Presentation

This document provides an overview of two historical atomic models: John Dalton's Solid Sphere Model from the early 19th century, and Niels Bohr's Planetary Model from the early 20th century. Dalton's model proposed that atoms are solid, indivisible spheres that combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. While it helped explain chemical properties, it did not account for subatomic particles or isotopes. Bohr's model improved on this by proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells corresponding to specific energy levels, explaining hydrogen spectra. However, it could not explain effects of magnetic and electric fields or comply with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

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92 views6 pages

Phy1204 Atoms Presentation

This document provides an overview of two historical atomic models: John Dalton's Solid Sphere Model from the early 19th century, and Niels Bohr's Planetary Model from the early 20th century. Dalton's model proposed that atoms are solid, indivisible spheres that combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. While it helped explain chemical properties, it did not account for subatomic particles or isotopes. Bohr's model improved on this by proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells corresponding to specific energy levels, explaining hydrogen spectra. However, it could not explain effects of magnetic and electric fields or comply with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

Uploaded by

Anuradha Itwaru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY1204 – Introduction to

Nuclear Physics & Heat

HISTORY OF THE ATOMIC MODEL:


1.SOLID SPHERE MODEL
2.PLANETARY MODEL
SOLID SPHERE MODEL
ITEMS NOTES

MAIN FEATURES The Solid Sphere Model was the first atomic model and was developed by John Dalton in the early 19th century. He
hypothesized that an atom is a solid sphere that could not be divided into smaller particles.

POSTULATES All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.


All atoms of a specific element are identical in mass, size, and other properties. However, atoms of different element exhibit
different properties and vary in mass and size.
Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
Atoms of different elements can combine with each other in fixed whole-number ratios in order to form compounds.
Atoms can be rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions.

ADVANTAGES Atoms were seen as solid, indestructible spheres . It explains a lot of chemical properties such as how atoms combine to
form molecules.
DISADVANTAGES Doesn’t include the existence of this nucleus in the atom.

Doesn’t explain the existence of ions and isotopes in the model

It does not include the three sub-atomic particles.


LIMITATION It does not account for subatomic particles: Dalton’s atomic theory stated that atoms were indivisible.
It does not account for isotopes: As per Dalton’s atomic theory, all atoms of an element have identical masses and
densities. However, different isotopes of elements have different atomic masses (Example: hydrogen, deuterium, and
tritium).
It does not account for isobars: This theory states that the masses of the atoms of two different elements must differ.
However, it is possible for two different elements to share the same mass number. Such atoms are called isobars
(Example: 40Ar and 40Ca).
Elements need not combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds: Certain complex organic compounds
do not feature simple ratios of constituent atoms. Example: sugar/sucrose (C 11H22O11).
PLANETARY MODEL
ITEMS NOTES
MAIN FEATURES According to the Bohr model, often referred to as a planetary model, the electrons encircle the nucleus of the atom in specific
allowable paths called orbits. When the electron is in one of these orbits, its energy is fixed.
POSTULATES In an atom, electrons (negatively charged) revolve around the positively charged nucleus in a definite circular path called orbits or
shells. Each orbit or shell has a fixed energy and these circular orbits are known as orbital shells.

The energy levels are represented by an integer (n=1, 2, 3…) known as the quantum number. This range of quantum number starts
from nucleus side with n=1 having the lowest energy level. The orbits n=1, 2, 3, 4… are assigned as K, L, M, N…. shells and when
an electron attains the lowest energy level, it is said to be in the ground state.

The electrons in an atom move from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by gaining the required energy and an electron
moves from a higher energy level to lower energy level by losing energy.

ADVANTAGES The experimental value of radii and energies in a hydrogen atom is in exact settlement with that calculated on the premise of Bohr’s
principle.
Bohr’s idea of a stationary nation of electrons explains the emission and absorption spectra of hydrogen-like atoms.
The experimental values of the spectral strains of the hydrogen spectrum are in near settlement with that calculated through  Bohr’s
principle.

DISADVANTAGES Bohr’s atomic version didn't account for the impact of the magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) or the electric field (Stark impact)
at the spectra of atoms or ions. It became found that after the supply of a spectrum is located in a robust magnetic or electric field,
every spectral line similarly splits into some of the strains. This remark couldn't be defined on the premise of Bohr’s version.

Another objection to Bohr’s principle got here from Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. According to this principle “It is not
possible to decide concurrently the exact function and momentum of a small transferring particle like an electron”. The postulate of
Bohr, that electrons revolve in well-described orbits across the nucleus with well-described velocities is therefore now no longer
tenable.

LIMITATION Bohr’s model of an atom failed to explain the Zeeman Effect (effect of magnetic field on the spectra of atoms).

It also failed to explain the Stark effect (effect of electric field on the spectra of atoms).

It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

It could not explain the spectra obtained from larger atoms.


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