“MODULE 1”

ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
 BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Electric circuit: It is a closed loop of pathway with electric charges flowing

through it. It is the sum of all electric components in the closed loop of
pathway with flowing electric charges. An example of an electric circuit
includes resistors, capacitors, inductors, power sources, wires, switches,
etc. A basic electric circuit contains three components: the power supply,
the electrical load, and the wires (conductors)
 BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Wires connect the power supply and the load, and carry electric charges
through the circuit.

A power supply (power source) is a device that supplies electrical energy

to the load of the circuit; it can convert other forms of energy to electrical
energy. The electric battery and generator are examples of power supply.
 BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

 The battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

 The hydroelectric generator converts hydro energy (the energy of
moving water) into electrical energy.
 The thermo power generator converts heat energy into electrical
energy.
 The nuclear power generator converts nuclear energy into electrical
energy.
 The wind generator converts wind energy into electrical energy.
 The solar generator converts solar energy into electrical energy.
 BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
An electrical load is a device that is usually connected to the output terminal of an
electric circuit.

 The load consumes or absorbs electrical energy from the source.

 The load may be any device that can receive electrical energy and convert it
into other forms of energy.

Examples of electric loads:

 Electric lamp converts electrical energy into light energy.
 Electric stove converts electrical energy into heat energy.
 Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 Electric fan converts electrical energy into wind energy.
 Speaker converts electrical energy into sound energy.
 Solar cell converts sunlight into electrical energy.
 Microphone converts sound energy into electrical energy.
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
 CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
For example, both the battery and the direct current (DC) generator
can convert other energy forms into electrical energy and produce DC
voltage. Therefore, they are represented by the same circuit symbol—
the DC power supply E.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 NODE, BRANCHES AND LOOPS

Since the elements of an electric circuit can be

interconnected in several ways, there are basic terms and
concepts of network topology to be understood. To
differentiate between a circuit and a network, we may regard
a
Network as an interconnection of elements or devices
whereas a
Circuit is a network providing one or more closed paths
BRANCH

A branch represents a
single element such as a
voltage source or a
resistor.

In other words, a
branch represents any
two terminal element.
The circuit has five
branches, namely, the
10-V voltage source, the
2-A current source, and
the three resistors
NODE
A node is the point of
connection between two or
more branches.

A node is usually indicated by a

dot in a circuit. If a short circuit
(a connecting wire) connects
two nodes, the two nodes
constitute a single node. The
circuit in the figure has three
nodes a, b, and c. The three
points that form node b are
connected by perfectly
conducting wires and therefore
constitute a single point. The
same is true of the four points
forming node c.
NODE
LOOP
A loop is any closed path in a
circuit.

A loop is a closed path formed

by starting at a node, passing
through a set of nodes, and
returning to the starting node
without passing through any
node more than once. A loop
is said to be independent if it
contains a branch which is
not in any other loop.
Independent loops or paths
result in independent sets of
equations. For example, the
closed path bcb contains 3-Ω
resistor and a 2A current
source.
 OHM’S LAW

In 1828, George Simon Ohm, a German physicist, derived a

relationship between electric current and potential difference.
This relationship is known as Ohm’s law. As a result of his
pioneering work, the term Ohm was adopted as the unit of
electrical resistance.

Ohm’s law states that “the current flowing through a conductor

is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across
its ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions
remain unchanged.” The resistance, measured in ohms, is the
constant of proportionality between the voltage and current.
EXAMPLE 6

1. A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and

causes a current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the
resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now reduced
to 25 V, what will be the new value of the current
flowing?

2. Determine the voltage which must be applied to a 2 kΩ

resistor in order that a current of 10 mA may flow.
 SERIES CIRCUIT
A series circuit has more than one resistor (anything that uses
electricity to do work) and gets its name from only having one
path for the charges to move along.
Resistor in Series – the total resistance (effective resistance or
resultant resistance) is equal to the sum of the individual resistance.

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 +…Rn
Current in Series Circuit – a series circuit has only one path in
which charge can flow. The current are same everywhere.

I T = I 1 = I 2 = I3 = … I n
Voltage in Series Circuit – Total voltage in a series circuit is equal
to the sum of the individual voltage drops.

V1 = V2 + V3 + V4 + .... Vn
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT
A parallel circuit has more than one resistor and gets its name from having parallel
paths to move along. Charges can move through any of several paths. If one of the items
in the circuit is broken then no charge will move through that path, but other paths
will continue to have charges flow through them.
Resistor in Parallel – The reciprocal of the total resistance (effective
resistance of resultant resistance) is equal to the sum of the
reciprocal of individual resistance.
Current in Parallel Circuit – A parallel circuit has more than one
path for the current to flow. The total current is equal to the sum
of the sub-currents.

I T = I 1 + I 2 + I3 + … I n
Voltage in Parallel Circuit – Components in a parallel circuit
share the same voltage.

V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = .... Vn
SERIES – PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUIT

A series-parallel circuit is a combinational circuit which when

simplified will result into a series circuit.
PARALLEL – SERIES COMBINATION CIRCUIT

A parallel-series circuit is a combinational circuit which when

simplified will result into a parallel circuit.
EXAMPLE 7

1. A 3-ohm resistor and a 6-ohm resistor are connected in series

across a DC supply. If the voltage drop across the 3-ohm
resistor is 4V, what is the voltage of the supply?

2.  A 5-ohm resistance is connected in parallel with a 10-ohm

resistance. What is the equivalent resistance?

3. Two resistance of 10 and 15 ohms each respectively are

connected in parallel. The two are then connected in series
with a 5-ohm resistance. What is the equivalent resistance?
EXAMPLE 8

1. A load of 10-ohms was connected to a 12-volt battery. The

current drawn was 1.18 amperes. What is the internal resistance
of the battery?

2. Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel and take a

total current of 7.9A from a dc source. The current through R1 is
half of that through R2. If R3 is 36-ohms and takes 2.5A, determine
the values of R1 and R2.

3. Two resistance of 10 and 15 ohms each respectively are connected

in series. The two are then connected in parallel with a 5-ohm
resistance. What is the equivalent resistance?
ANYONE??
 WYE DELTA TRANSFORMATION

Situations often arise in circuit

analysis when the resistors are neither
in parallel nor in series. For example,
consider the bridge circuit shown.
The combination of branch R6 and
branch R5 is not series since a node is
between them. Also, combination of
branch R1 through R6 are neither in
series nor in parallel.
Many circuits of the type can be simplified by using three-terminal equivalent
networks. These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network shown figure (a) and the delta
(Δ) or pi (π) network shown in figure (b). These networks occur by themselves or
as part of a larger network. They are used in three-phase networks, electrical
filters, and matching networks.
 DELTA TO WYE CONVERSION
Considering the network below, each resistor in the Y network is the product of the
resistors in the two adjacent Δ branches, divided by the sum of the three Δ resistors.
 WYE TO DELTA CONVERSION
The circuit below shows that each resistor in the Δ network is the sum of all possible
products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
 EXAMPLE 9

1. A circuit consisting of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms are
connected in delta. What would be the resistance of the equivalent wye
connected load?

2. A circuit consisting of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms are
connected in wye. What would be the resistance of the equivalent delta
connected load?

3.  A 5Ω resistance is connected in parallel with 10Ω resistance. Another set, a

6Ω and 8Ω resistances are also connected in parallel. Two sets are connected
in series. What is the equivalent resistance?
THANK YOU!