INTEGRATED SERVICES

DIGITAL NETWORK
 WHY DO WE NEED ISDN?

• Used in transmission of data and voice both were possible through

normal (POTS), Plain Old Telephone Systems
• introduction of Internet came the advancement in
telecommunication, yet, sending and receiving of data along with
voice was not easy that could use either the Internet or the
Telephone.
• the invention of ISDN helped mitigate this transmission of digital
communications.
 WHY DO WE NEED ISDN?

• It is a process of connecting a home computer to the

Internet Service Provider. The usage of the modulator-
demodulator unit, simply called the MODEM was the
essential thing to establish a connection. The following
figure shows how the model worked in the past.
 WHY DO WE NEED ISDN?

• As the system has to use the telephone cable through the

telephone exchange for using the Internet, the usage of
telephone for voice calls was not permitted. The
introduction of ISDN has resolved this problem allowing
the transmission of both voice and data simultaneously.
This has many advanced features over the traditional
PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network.
 WHAT IS ISDN?

• ISDN was first defined in the CCITT red book in 1988.

The Integrated Services of Digital Networking, in short
ISDN is a telephone network-based infrastructure that
allows the transmission of voice and data simultaneously
at a high speed with greater efficiency. This is a circuit
switched telephone network system, which also provides
access to Packet switched networks.
ISDN SUPPORTS A VARIETY OF SERVICES
VOICE CALLS

DATA TRANSMISSION
FACSIMILE
AND VOICE

DATABASE ACCESS VIDEOTEXT

ELECTRONIC
TELETEXT
MAIL
ISDN SUPPORTS A VARIETY OF SERVICES
CONNECTION TO
INTERNET

AUTOMATIC ALARM
SERVICES TO FIRE ELECTRONIC FUND
STATIONS, POLICE, TRANSFER
MEDICAL ETC.

IMAGE AND
AUDIO AND VIDEO
GRAPHICS
CONFERENCING
EXCHANGE

DOCUMENT
STORAGE AND
TRANSFER
 TYPES OF CHANNELS IN ISDN

• Among the types of several interfaces present, some of

them contain channels such as the B- Channels or Bearer
Channels that are used to transmit voice or data for a
call/session; the D-channels or Delta Channels that are
used for signaling purpose to set up communication.
 ISDN KINDS OF ACCESS INTERFACES

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 2B + 1D

Or otherwise called as Basic Rate Access or simply called
as ISDN BRI Connection uses the existing telephone
infrastructure.
BRI configuration provides two data or bearer channels at
64 kbits/sec speed and one control or delta channel at 16
Kbits/sec. This is a standard rate.
 ISDN KINDS OF ACCESS INTERFACES

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 23B + 1D

Or otherwise called as Primary Rate Access or simply
called as ISDN PRI Connection used by enterprises and
offices.
PRI configuration is based on T-carrier that consists of 23
data channels and one control or delta channel with
64kpbs speed. When it is based on E-carrier that consists of
30 data channels and two control with 64kbps.
 ISDN KINDS OF ACCESS INTERFACES

Narrowband ISDN
Otherwise called as N-ISDN. This can be
understood as a telecommunication that carries voice
information in a narrow band of frequencies. This is
actually an attempt to digitize the analog voice
information that uses 64kbps circuit switching.
Implemented to carry voice data, that uses lesser
bandwidth, on a limited number of frequencies.
 ISDN KINDS OF ACCESS INTERFACES

Broadband ISDN
Otherwise called as B-ISDN. This integrates the
digital networking services and provides digital
transmission over ordinary telephone wires. The
CCITF defined it as “Qualifying a service or system
requiring transmission channels capable of
supporting rates greater that primary rates.
 ISDN KINDS OF ACCESS INTERFACES
Broadband ISDN
The broadband ISDN speed is around 2mbps to 1gbps and
the transmission is related to ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode). The communication is usually made using the fiber
optic cables.
As the speed is greater than 1.544mbps, the communication
based on this are Broadband Communications. This broadband
services provide a continuous flow of information, which is
distributed from a central source to unlimited number of
authorized receivers.
 ADVANTAGES OF ISDN

ISDN is a telephone network based infrastructure, which enables

the transmission of both voice and data simultaneously.
 As the services are digital, there is less chance for errors.
 The connection is faster.
 The bandwidth is higher.
 Voice, data and video − all of these can be sent over a single
ISDN line
 DISADVANTAGES OF ISDN

• The disadvantage of ISDN is that it requires

specialized digital services and is costlier.
However, the advent of ISDN has brought great
advancement in communications. Multiple
transmissions with greater speed are being achieved
with higher levels of accuracy.
 NETWORK PERFORMANCE
• Latency - It is the delay from input into a system to desired outcome; the term is understood slightly
differently in various contexts and latency issues also vary from one system to another. In
communication is demonstrated in live transmissions from various points on the earth as the
communication hops between a ground transmitter and a satellite and from a satellite to a receiver
each take time.
• Throughput - is a measure of how many units of information a system can process in a given amount
of time. It is applied broadly to systems ranging from various aspects of computer and network
systems to organizations. In data transmission, network throughput is the amount of data moved
successfully from one place to another in a given time period, and typically measured in bits per
second (bps), as in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps).
• Jitter - is the undesired deviation from true periodicity of an assumed periodic signal in electronics
and telecommunications, often in relation to a reference clock source. Jitter may be observed in
characteristics such as the frequency of successive pulses, the signal amplitude, or phase of periodic
signals. In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter.
 NETWORK PERFORMANCE
• Bandwidth - Bandwidth is also the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed
amount of time. For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per
second (bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in
cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).

• Bandwidth- Delay Products - In data communications, bandwidth-delay product is

the product of a data link's capacity (in bits per second) and its round-trip delay
time (in seconds). The result, an amount of data measured in bits (or bytes), is
equivalent to the maximum amount of data on the network circuit at any given
time, i.e., data that has been transmitted but not yet acknowledged
 DATA LINK LAYERS

• The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that handles
the moving of data into and out of a physical link in a network. The
data link layer is Layer 2 in the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) architecture model for a set of telecommunication protocols.
Data bits are encoded, decoded and organized in the data link layer,
before they are transported as frames between two adjacent nodes
on the same LAN or WAN. The data link layer also determines how
devices recover from collisions that may occur when nodes attempt
to send frames at the same time.
 DATA LINK LAYER TWO SUBLAYERS

Logical Link Control (LLC)

It deals with protocols, flow control, and error control, data
communication protocol layer is the upper sub-layer of the Data Link
Layer (which is itself layer 2, just above the Physical Layer) in the seven-
layer OSI reference model. It provides multiplexing mechanisms that
make it possible for several network protocols (IP, IPX) to coexist within
a multipoint network and to be transported over the same network
media, and can also provide flow control mechanisms. The LLC sub-
layer acts as an interface between the Media Access Control (MAC) sub
layer and the network layer.
 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL

• As the Ether type in an Ethernet II framing formatted frame is used to

multiplex different protocols on top of the Ethernet MAC header it can
be seen as LLC identifier.
• As the Ether type in an Ethernet II framing formatted frame is used to
multiplex different protocols on top of the Ethernet MAC header it can
be seen as LLC identifier.
• Multiplexing protocols transmitted over the MAC layer (when
transmitting) and decoding them (when receiving).
• Providing flow and error control
 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL
Media Access Control (MAC)
It deals with actual control of media, data communication protocol sub-
layer, also known as the Medium Access Control, is a sub layer of the Data Link
Layer specified in the seven-layer OSI model (layer 2). It provides addressing and
channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or
network nodes to communicate within a multi-point network, typically a local area
network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN). - The hardware that
implements the MAC is referred to as a Medium Access Controller. It provides
addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several
terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multi-point network, typically
a local area network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN). - The hardware
that implements the MAC is referred to as a Medium Access Controller.
 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL
• MAC Addresses are unique 48-bits hardware number of a computer,
which is embedded into network card (known as Network Interface
Card) during the time of manufacturing. MAC Address is also known as
Physical Address of a network device. In IEEE 802 standard, Data Link
Layer is divided into two sublayers:
1. Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer
2. Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer
• MAC address is used by Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer of Data-
Link Layer. MAC Address is word wide unique, since millions of network
devices exists and we need to uniquely identify each.
DATA LINK LAYER TWO SUBLAYERS
 MAC ADDRESS FORMAT

• MAC Address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number (6-Byte

binary number), which is mostly represented by Colon-
Hexadecimal notation. First 6-digits (say 00:40:96) of MAC
Address identifies the manufacturer, called as OUI
(Organizational Unique Identifier). IEEE Registration
Authority Committee assign these MAC prefixes to its
registered vendors. Here are some OUI of well-known
manufacturers:
MAC ADDRESS FORMAT
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS
