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FSK Modulation

The document discusses different digital modulation techniques including BFSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM. It describes the basic principles, mathematical representations, signal constellations, and probability of error calculations for each technique. M-ary modulation schemes can conserve bandwidth at the expense of increased complexity and power compared to binary schemes.

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30 views21 pages

FSK Modulation

The document discusses different digital modulation techniques including BFSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM. It describes the basic principles, mathematical representations, signal constellations, and probability of error calculations for each technique. M-ary modulation schemes can conserve bandwidth at the expense of increased complexity and power compared to binary schemes.

Uploaded by

LTM-ECE PSG CT
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BFSK and M-ary

Modulation
Dr.L.Thulasimani
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)
•Each symbols are distinguished from each other by one of two transmitting
sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount
 2 Eb
 cos(2f1t ), for symbol1 corresponding to i  1
 Tb
si (t )  
 2 Eb cos(2f t ), for symbol 0 corresponding to i  2
 Tb 2

•Sunde’s BFSK
When the frequencies f1 and f2 are chosen in such a way that they differ from each
other by an amount equal to the reciprocal of the bit duration T b
•It is a continuous-phase signal, in the sense that phase continuity is always
maintained, including the inter-bit switching times.
•The most useful form for the set of orthonormal basis functions is described
by

where i=1,2
BFSK
 The coefficient sij where i = 1, 2 and j = 1, 2 is defined by

 Thus, unlike binary PSK, binary FSK is characterized by having a signal-space


diagram that is two-dimensional (i.e., N = 2) with two message points (i.e.,
M = 2)
 The two message points are defined by the vectors

and

• The Euclidean distance ||s1-s2|| is equal to


BFSK Constellation diagram
BFSK Waveform
Generation and Detection of BFSK
Probability of Error
• The average probability of bit error or, equivalently, the BER
for binary FSK using coherent detection is given by,

• A binary FSK receiver to maintain the same BER as in a


binary PSK receiver, the bit energy-to-noise density ratio,
Eb/N0, has to be doubled.

• This result is in perfect accord with the signal-space


diagrams
of BFSK and BPSK, where we see that in a BPSK system the
Euclidean distance between the two message points is
equal
to 2√Eb, whereas in a BFSK system the corresponding
distance
is √(2Eb).
M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes
• We send any one of M possible signals si(t), where i=1,2,
…,M, during each signaling interval of duration T
• The requirement is to conserve bandwidth at the expense
of both increased power and increased system complexity
• When the bandwidth of the channel is less than the
required value, we resort to an M-ary modulation scheme
for maximum bandwidth conservation
• M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
•If we take blocks of m bits to produce a symbol and use an M-ary PSK
scheme with M=2m and symbol duration T=mTb
•The bandwidth required is proportional to 1/(mTb)
•The use of M-ary PSK provides a reduction in transmission bandwidth
by a factor m=log2M
M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
• QPSK is a special case of the generic form of PSK commonly referred to as M-ary PSK
• In M-ary PSK, the phase of the carrier takes on one of M possible values: θi = 2(i – 1)π/M, where i = 1, 2,…,M.
• Accordingly, during each signaling interval of duration T, one of the following M possible signals is transmitted

• where E is the signal energy per symbol.


• Each si(t) may be expanded in terms of the same two basis functions Φ1(t) and Φ2(t)
• The signal constellation of M-ary PSK is, therefore, two-dimensional.

2E  2  i  1,2,..., M
si (t )  cos 2f c t  (i  1) ,
T  M  0t T

  2   2 
si (t )   E cos (i  1)   cos(2f c t )
  M   T 
  2   2  i  1,2,..., M
  E sin (i  1)   sin(2f c t ),
  M   T  0t T
M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
• Signal-Space Diagram
• Pair of orthogonal functions 2
1 (t )  cos(2f c t ), 0  t  T
T
2
2 (t )  sin( 2f c t ), 0  t  T
T
• The average probability of symbol error for coherent M-ary PSK is given by,

where it is assumed that M ≥ 4. For M = 4, it reduces to QPSK.


Signal-space diagram of 8-PSK
• M-ary PSK is described in geometric
terms by a constellation of M signal points
distributed uniformly on a circle of radius √E

• The figure in the Right, shows the


constellation of 8-PSK, where 8 points are
located on the circle of radius √E

• Each signal point in the figure


corresponds to the signal si(t) for a
particular value of the index i.

• The squared length from the origin to


each signal point is equal to the signal
energy E.
8-PSK

The Euclidean distance for each of the two points m2 and m8


from m1 is (for M = 8)

The average probability of symbol error for coherent M-ary


PSK is given by

where it is assumed that M≥4


M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• In an M-ary PSK system, the in-phase and quadrature components of
the modulated signal are interrelated in such a way that the envelope
is constrained to remain constant and hence we have circular
constellation of the message points.

• However, if this constraint is removed so as to permit the in-phase


and quadrature components to be independent, we get a new
modulation scheme called M-ary QAM.

• The QAM is a hybrid form of modulation, in that the carrier


experiences amplitude as well as phase-modulation.

• In M-ary PAM, the signal-space diagram is one-dimensional. M-ary


QAM is a two dimensional generalization of M-ary PAM, in that its
formulation involves two orthogonal passband basis functions:
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• The mathematical description of the QAM signal is given by
2 E0 2 E0 i  0,1,..., M  1
si (t )  ai cos(2f c t )  bi sin(2f c t ),
T T 0t T

where E0 is the energy of the message signal with the lowest


amplitude
• The signal si(t) involves two phase-quadrature carriers, each one of
which is modulated by a set of discrete amplitudes; hence the
terminology “quadrature amplitude modulation.”
• The amplitude parameters ai and bi for in-phase and quadrature
components are independent of each other for all i
• M-ary QAM is a hybrid form of M-ary modulation that combines M-
ary ASK and M-ary PSK.
• In M-ary QAM, the constellation of message points depends on the
number of possible symbols, M.
16-QAM Constellation Diagram

In this example, the case of square constellation is


considered,
for which the number of bits per symbol is even (M=16).

The message points in each quadrant are identified with


Gray-encoded quadbits.
16-QAM Modulation
• The signal-space representation of M-ary QAM for M=16, shows that the
message points form a square constellation
• Unlike M-ary PSK, the different signal points of M-ary QAM are
characterized by different energy levels
• With an even number of bits per symbol L, we can write L=√M
• Therefore L=4 for 16-QAM modulation
• Each signal point in the constellation corresponds to a specific quadbit
• Under this condition, an M-ary QAM square constellation can always be
viewed as the Cartesian product of a one-dimensional L-ary PAM
constellation with itself.
• By definition, the Cartesian product of two sets of coordinates
(representing a pair of one-dimensional constellations) is made up of the
set of all possible ordered pairs of coordinates with the first coordinate in
each such pair being taken from the first set involved in the product and
the second coordinate taken from the second set in the product.
16-QAM Modulation
• The ordered pairs of coordinates naturally form a square matrix,
as shown by

• To calculate the probability of symbol error for this M-ary QAM,


we exploit the property: A QAM square constellation can be
factored into the product of the corresponding L-ary PAM
constellation with itself.
16-QAM Modulation
• Two signal constellations for the 4-ary PAM, one vertically oriented
along the Φ2-axis in part (a) of the figure, and the other horizontally
oriented along the Φ1-axis in part (b) of the figure.

• These two parts are spatially orthogonal to each other, accounting


for the two-dimensional structure of the M-ary QAM
Probability of Error
The probability of symbol error for M-ary QAM is approximately given by

The transmitted energy in M-ary QAM is variable, in that its instantaneous


value naturally depends on the particular symbol transmitted.

Therefore, it is more logical to express Pe in terms of the average value of


the transmitted energy rather than E0. Assuming that the L amplitude levels
of the in-phase or quadrature component of the M-ary QAM signal are
equally likely, we have

The probability of symbol error for M-ary QAM in terms of Eav is given by
Summary and Discussion
• BASK, BPSK, and BFSK are the digital counterparts of amplitude modulation,
phase modulation, and frequency modulation in Analog Communication
• Both BASK and BPSK exhibit discontinuity. It is possible to configure BFSK in
such a way that phase continuity is maintained across the entire input
binary data stream.
• Both BASK and BPSK are examples of linear modulation, with increasing
complexity in going from BASK and BPSK.
• BFSK is in general an example of nonlinear modulation
• In coherent detection, the receiver must be synchronized with the
transmitter in two respects – carrier phase and bit timing
• In noncoherent detection, the receiver ignores knowledge of the carrier
phase between its own operation and that of the transmitter
• M-ary signaling schemes are preferred over binary modulation schemes
when bandwidth is of profound importance
References
• Haykin S, “Digital Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons,
2014.
• Lathi B P, “Modern Digital and Analog communication Systems”,
Oxford University Press, 2010.
• Proakis J.G and Salehi M, “Fundamentals of Communication
Systems” Pearson, 2011.
• Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Pearson Education Asia,
Sixth reprint, 2005.

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