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Notes 8 (Antenna Arrays)

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Ashutosh Das
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6 views10 pages

Notes 8 (Antenna Arrays)

Uploaded by

Ashutosh Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Antenna Arrays

•An antenna array is a group of radiating elements arranged to produce


particular radiation ch aracteristies.

•To increase the directivity which is hardly possible by using single antenna
element
Contd..
•Consider an antenna consisting of two
Hertzian dipoles placed in free space
along the z-axis but oriented parallel to
the x-axis as depicted in Figure.

• We assume that the dipole at ( 0, 0,


d/2) carries current and the
one at ( 0, 0, -d/2) carries current ------
where is the phase difference between
the two currents.

•By varying the spacing d and phase


difference , the fields from the array
can be made to interfere constructively
(add) in certain directions of interest
and interfere destructively (cancel) in
other directions.

•The total electric field at point P is the Two element Antenna array
vector sum of the fields due to the
individual elements.
Contd..
The total electric field at point P is the vector sum of the fields due to the
individual elements.If Pis in the far-field zone, we obtain the total electric field at
P from eq. (13.8a) as

(Refer to the E-field


expression of Hertzian dipole)

Approximation

Therefore,
Array Factor
Comparing this with fields of Hertzial dipole, it shows that the total field of an
array is equal to the field of single element located at the origin multiplied by an
array factor given by

Thus, in general, the far field due to a two-element array is given by

E (total) = ( E due to single element at origin) X (array factor)


Principle of pattern multiplication

(Total electric field


due two element
array)

From the above eq. ,note that I cosθI is the radiation pattern due to a single element,
whereas the normalized array factor, I cos [ 1 /2 (βd cos θ + α)] I, is the radiation
pattern the array would have if the elements were isotropic. These may be regarded
as "unit pattern“ and "group pattern:' respectively. Thus the "resultant pattern" is the
product of the unit pattern and the group pattern, that is,

resultant pattern = unit pattern X group pattern


Contd…
N-element uniform linear array

We assume that the array is linear in that


the elements are spaced equally along a
straight line and lie along the z-axis. Also,
we assume that the array is uniform so that
each element is fed with current of the
same magnitude but of progressive phase
shift a, that is,

and so on.

The array factor (AF) is written as follows

NOTE: AF is maximum when ψ =0, i.e maximum value is N.


Contd…

The above expression is a geometric progression series

Which can also be written as

And
Contd…
Contd…
Condition for side lobe
Normalized array factor is given by
N
sin
1 2
Normalized AF 
N sin 
2
N 1
Condition for side lobe is given by   (m  ) m=1,2,3,….
2 2
Normalized amplitude of main lobe level=1

Normalized side lobe level is obtained by setting m=1


Therefore, N 3
 
2 2
1 1 1 1 2
 
Normalized amplitude of first side lobe is N  3  N 3 / 2 N 3
sin  
 2N 
 1 
Therefore, first side love level is 20 log   13.5dB down the main lobe
 2 / 3 

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