Q19. Whatis an antenna array? Giveits classification. “Tp a ; -» «4 Model Paper-t, Q8(a) ; The arrangement ‘elorhink combination of radiations takes place from a group Of-antennas.and the obtained field strength can be raised in ‘a-particular direction by suitable excitement of group (or) series of antennas simultaneously. This type of arrangement is known as antenna array. An antenna array is an arrangement of similar antennas so spaced and phased’ such that the individual radiation patterns are grouped in single direction and remain all directions are-cancelled and this. is utilized in increasing the directivity and gain‘of'an antenna. &: 2 . x 3 Antenna arrays ar€ classified into three categories pasea ‘s | on beam pointing direction as-follows,,. TN EE ¥ Broad side array 22 End fire array 3. Collinear arrayDetermine tho flelds at any far point P tor array of n loments currents equal in may Ans: Fray in which hw otropie the ave spaced ata distance ‘dis ax shown i figure (1), To distant point °P Figura (1) are placed at 4 and B and theie distance mis ‘a’, From figure (1), the field due to “B° source tant point *P" earlier than source at A with a path difference of 4B. AB = 204 0B" d cost) + > cos6) 2 ‘B= dcosO meters i j d | Path difference = 5° eos 1 From principle of optics, | Phase angle,¥-~ 27 » Path difference { pene cn W = 2m 5 cod Qn ¥ = ap dos We ideosd] (> 2nd) Consider asthe field due to source at sand fas the field due to source at B, “Then, the resultant field A" at *7*, inthe ‘0° B= Ee 4B, etp Assuming, the amplitudes of fields are with equal magnitude i, direction is, =» Sconned with CamScannerjJNTU-HY! A210 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION | DERABAL, | Since, cos = £78 2] But, Y= fAi cos®, above equation can be written as, B= 2B, ofS] a oe Since, the spacing between the point sources is given as 3 . Equation ‘E's anh se] fan be written as, £26,004 22 somes (On normalizing the above expression, we get, ~y “This is the field patter for two sources seperated by a distance 2/2" and having same amplitudes and same phase (a=, The direction of maximum *E” is obtained when, 160s (W/2 cos 8) = +1 (-z Max value of cosine funetion = +1) L fea = cos'cy Toop 20m COSB = y9n x = J cos 0_=tar,n=0, 1,2 Forn=0 => cos0,,~0 => OL, occurs at 90° and 270° 7: Oma = 90° and 270° The E field is minimum when, : cos (1/2 cos 8)= 0 (+ Min value of cosine function = 0) = F eos, = 20+)? (¥'cos 6 is min for @ = + (2n + 1) 2/2) = x x Font, =45 (Putting n=0) . = cos =t! and 180] Half power points occurs by taking, Power P= ) 1 E =the : 1, Z a fy _ coneneost) -aFe —> BCoro = ON Cig AD C080 gq CN + 1) 4 Forn=0, 08 Oyypy “£2 Look for the SLA GROUP Loco {fS'on the’ TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScannervax: © = 270° Figure (2h Field Pattern oz (or) Derive expression for antenna array factor. (Refer Only Array Factor) (or) Derive an expression of array factor for an n-element uniform array. (Refer Only Array Factor) Ans: . ‘ermine the flelds at any far point P for uniform, linear array of n elements. Novibec.-97, (RA), 088) Mow-45, (R19), 28(a) ‘The array is said to be linear, if the amplitude of current in point sources are equal and have constant phase shift. Consider tte linear array with-‘N" isotropic point sources as shown in the figure. 1 2 3 4 5 6 n Ryker Figure From figure, spacing between successive elements is ‘equal. “The total far field at a point P due to N-point sourees is given by, Ee mE. €t + Eye + Eye + Ect + on Ege . ECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL POR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Bia ane jure FOR anaREER ODEN ——— aa (distant point) Scanned with CamScanneree 412 ANTENNAS AND wave*£ Nw = : ("7 6, .@. \ Beka Bin By ‘ sol 2] t arte i] ” we) Where, A 2 Zo +e : shifted to the centre ofthe N= (ie on 0) asthereference pointis spite ed amy Muhtipl sion (1) with act from the source, Phase angle can be neglected sAuttiplysng equation (1) sith ee Bete . al sin“ bye Beth eer ses em 1) eae Byers eet. Fe 2) a’ ) equation (2) form equation (1). WEES Teaco ray factor is defined as the ratio of toa fr field to the far field maximum. Fett F~ Blet= MN (Py (E Dna Flew) Ble Ena“ Edy-o The above equation ean be converted into trigonometric sin] functions as. (E)nae™ Eo so ym EJ i-e? 2? Applying L-Hospital’s rule, we get, oo z wy ea cof NY) (N £ 2 J\2 ()u= Eo- is w) (1)| ° TY AD pv ype 7 Array factor E Look for the SIA‘GROUP Loco J on the TITLE COVER bow re you buy» Sconned with CamScanner| | 'e Consider, v= 2 Array Factor, (4.55, fay au() ~“{i) ary, 2 “(3 S array factor of two element The above equation gives ay, id due to, Wa Determine ti (a) Array of two point sources of same amplitude and in-phase at a distance (b) Array of two point sources of same amplitude and opposite phase ata distance R. Ans: May/June-t3, R(08), 3 8) Array of Two Point Sources of Same Amplitude and In-phase at a Distance *R* 1. Q21. For answer refer Un Nate: Replace ‘P* with ‘R’. ) Array of Two Point Sources of Same Amplitude and Opposite Phase at a Distance *R’: In this case, the source A ‘ow ofphase by 180° with respect to source B. The maximum fsource occurs when source B is minimum. E aH Bye Ee? Out of phase component of A source. Assuming equal amplitudes at both sources, distance a shown in figure Se NETO TIT aa | = En YES, siofP2 Bu, = pico : snd % from above expression we get a AF AGL. yeaa ; ee =] Ela 5e = 2-176, sin{ 50s] i Ar 2 So cosa On normalising the above expression. we get, ‘The field £ is maximum when, E= sinf2 cos0) =#1 =) B.(80 > See) = W2.cosO = Ont). F.n=0, 1,2), > n2e0%0,, yewO_=tm =) COSOm,, 2122 homeo CODmin = O § ~ sare ‘The Half power point direction is obtained as, 1 For, B= 87 > Sint co) = 2 Fe a > Meaty, aE D609, Es 2p EPL Coane ot N29 60, £120" 20, s00" ‘The field pattem of iva isotropic sources separated bya 1 With equal amplitude and out of phate is obtained = [0 Scanned with CamScanner@ ot { La A con ] Ww Os nihyder | | wT | a2s. ain the concept of “Multiplication ~ / pattern” principle in the dosign of arrays, | sanenenginnnnenmeie Expl ith Ans! of | Multiplication of Patterns: Thore are two types of patter, ie. G). Field pattern and (ii) Phase pattern, a Field Pattern: The total field pattern of non-isotropic but similar sources can be obtained by multiplying field pattern ofa collection of isotropic point sources, each of which is located. at the phase centre of different sources and field patterns of all individual sources. (ii) Phase*Pattern: The total phase pattern is obtained bY adding collection (array) of isotropic point sources and ‘ the phase pattern of all the individual sources. tal ‘The total field of an antenna array is defined as. E = (E,(8,9) * E,, O)} ¥ (E,,(0. 0) + Sl = (Multiplication of field patterns) (Addit Phase patterns) > rips on the TITLE COVER before you buy 3d with ComScanner 0,0)! on of| | , i { “Arrays & Antenna Measuremenis E~ Total field £48, 99. (0, 0)~ Field patter of individual source Field patter of array of isot Fel p Tay of isotropic’ point Ei ©) Phase patter of individual source + £.(8.9)~ Phase pattem of arra i z attem of array of isotropic point sources i mre [ees 0 and @ are polar and azimuth angles respectively ‘onsider a two dimensional ease, ther sane mera i case, the resulting pattern Es E, cos wid E=2E, sinO cos wi2 E= E@)cos yr ‘Itean be seen that £, is a function of £(8). In the above ‘equation the total field pattern is equal to the product of primary pattem £(0) and a secondary pattern cos (W/2). Effect of Earth on the Radiation Pattern: With the help of ‘mage principle, the radiation pattem on the earth under dif- {rent conditions can be attained. In image principle, earth is considered as an image antenna of same length and current as shown in figure (1). Figure (1): Earth es Image Antenna For vertical antenna, currents in actual and image ‘tennas are equal and have same direction, whereas opposite éirection for horizontal antenna. The resultant field is obtained by the addition of field of an image antenna to that of an actual satenna. The shape of the vertical pattern is affected more than ‘be horizontal pattern. Effect of Earth on the Radiation Pattern of Vertical Antenna: The ground-effect factor of a perfectly conducting. ‘ath is given as, rm [22a] Where, ‘i ‘h = Height of the center of antenna above earth = Elevation angle above horizontal. But, forthe ease of sriven expression is valid for low angles of W,, less than 15° angle”, the phase of the reflection fa the use of above equation lead to s ‘The effect of earth on radiation pattern by taking different eases of conductivities (6). is defined as, Where, oa o _18x10o . oe, ane 0 - Conductivity of earth in mho/meter Sra Frequency in MHz €, — Dielectric constant of the earth = 15. ‘The vertical radiation pattern of a vertical dipole is shown in figure (2). Figure (2: Effect on Earth of Vertical Pattarn of Vertical Dipate AL fm. 02 04 NQ ‘ a Figure (i: Vertical Pattern at Vertical Dipale Placed at ‘Height Above the Earth TecTRaM auLavone JOURNAL FOR ENOMEERNG STUDENTS ————__ 1 @ROUR is Scanned with CamScannerwand facta, nh = sin Wy, ane a “he effect of earth on the vertical pattern perpendicular to the axis of dipole is as shown in TW op SOF 90 80" 2 06 10 14 18 Figure (4): Effect of Earth on the Vertical Pattern of Horizontal Antenna. Q26. Find the radiation pattern of 4 Isotropic /— sloments fed in phase, spaced 4/2 apart by ¢ using pattern multiplication, ; Mego! Paper, a8 Radiation Pattern of 4 Isotropic Elements Fed in Phase Consider 4 isotropte point sources located along the line with the distance between two adjacent point sources as 2/2" as shown in figure (1). Ave —1—reB 102 112 12 | iss 1 2 3 4 Figure (1): Four Element | ‘sotropie Antenna Array ‘The radiation pattern of 4 isotropic elements can be calculated with the help of principle of pattern multiplication as follows. 1, The 4 isotropic elements are divide into two groups, cach contains 2 isotropic elements. 7 2, Then the radiation pattem of 2 isotropic elements with 2422 spacing, and 2, spacing respectively is determined, 3. Thus, the radiation pattern of 4 isotropic elements can be obtained by multiplying the radiation pattern of 2 isotropic elements (2/2 spaghng) with 2 isotropic clements (2 spacing). Look for t! o di) PROPAGATION [JNTU-HYDERABAD, Radiation Pattern of 2 Isotrople Elements wign >> Spacing The esd spacing is as sh jon patter of two isotropic elements wish, ® jawn in figure (2). z eXe 1f/\ 2 Figure (2) Radiation Pattern of 2 Isotropic Elements with j Spacing ‘The radiation pattern of two isotropic elements with spaced by a distance 4 is shown in figure (3), Figure (3) Radiation Pattern of Four Isotropic Elements Fedin Phase Then, the far field due to 4 isotropic elements is ERE ters es] 7 Ey Eel wit Where, Ws PdcosO+a . [rs a= 0} = |. W=Bdcos 0. ‘fs d=A}. “We Bireos0] eke Scanned with CamScannerUnit pattern due to Resultant pattern of 4-isotropic elements isolated individual the isotropic elements spaced! A apart Figur () a77. Draw the radiation pattern of 8 Isotropic elements fod inphaso, spaced a apart withthe principle of 7 pattern multiplication. Ans: Consider 8 isotropic point sources located along.a line as shown in . ee eas a a a a a a_i 1 2 3 4 5G 7 u Figure (1) gk re(1) . The distance between the reach of them is > - ‘The radiation pattem of 8 isotropic elements can be calculated with the help of principle of pattern multiplicat jon as follows. . 1. Initially, the 8 isotropic elements are divided into wo groups, each group containing 4 isotopic elements 2. Then the radiation pattem of 4 isotropic elements is determined 3. Radiation pattem of & isotropic elements can be obtained by multiplying the unit patern of 4 individual elements and roup pattern of 2 isotropic radiators spaced by a distance of 2h ; () Radiation Pattern of 4 Isotropic Elements a item of four isotropic elements with 3% spacing is shown in figure (2). =90° The radiation pat <0 (i) Radiation Pattern of 2 Isotropic Elements : ‘The radiation pattern of two isotopic elements spaced by a distance of 24 is as shown in figure 3) A Scanned with CamScannerANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION [JN TU-HY DE} N\ @=270° Figure (3) | Radiation Pattern of 8 Isotropic Eleritents “The far field due to 8 isotropic elements is, EXE, (++ er +e" +...4) and w =PdcosO +o a=0 W =Bd cos @ 3 “Then the radiation pattern of 8 isotropic radiators is obtained through principle multiplication 7 jon patterns as, “Fe Unit pattern due Group pattern due to to4 individual “the sotopis radiation peat pattem of elements, spaced 2A a part. S-hotropic elements Figura (4) Scanned with CamScanner998. Using multiplication of array principle, obtain the arfay patterns for the two oloment array fed in phase «= 0,d = and fed 90° out of phaso _ Mode! Papers, 9 The following are the array pattems of two non-isotropic elements by using the prineiple of pattern multiplication. cease, the array patterns can be Array Pattern of Two-clements which are in Phase (c= 0) and with a Spacing of | pastuced by short dipoles oriented parallel to the aanis as shown in figure (1) ms igure (1): Array of Two Non-tsotropie Sources With Respect To Coordinate System The field patter of individual non-isotropic sources is shown in figure (2). Figure (2: Individual Source Pattern The array patiern of two isotropic sources is shown in figure (3). Figure (3k: Array of Two Sources ‘ECTRGM ALLIR-ONE JOGRNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Sia ab Scanned with CamScanner22 ren, the individual source pattern is given by. Bn E,'sing And Geld patiem of the array is given by, (1) E% sing cos @ Where, Ww = Bd coso+ a Butin this cased = a= 0° So. ~ cos) +0 w= Ros ~@) ‘Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), to get the total array patter, x 2. E=sing on 39) (4) An equation (4), the term ‘sing’ represents the individual ‘source pattern which 1s shown in figure (2) whereas the term cos (fos (3), Hence, the equation(4) represents the total array pattem of ‘two non-isotropic sources obtained by employing principle of Pattern multiplication. Thus; the total array pattern is obtained as shown in figure (4). set Figure (4): Total Array Pattern of Two Non-isotropic Elements Array Pattern of Two Elements Which are 90° Out of Phase ) epresents the array pattern which is shown in figure = {« 5] and with a Spacing of 4 In this case, the array pattern can be produced by short dipoles oriented parallel to the y-axis as shown in figure (5). Te | Figure (5h: Array of Two Non-sotrople Sources with respect to Coordinate System, ANTENNAS AND WAVE PRO , Look for the $1 GROUP Loco {i on the cents iteotacti cet ig, 7 1 non 160 Tine field pattern of rdividus Ee eee shown in figure (5) «Figure (6): Individual Source Pattern “The array pattern of two isotropic SOUrcES is shows figure (7). Figure (7): Array of Two Sources Then, the individual source pattem is given by, E y= E,) cosh 6 ‘And the field pattern of the array is given by, -6 ‘E= cos cost 0 Substituting equation (7) in equation (6), we get Brcong cos (Fone) 8 - ic Principle of pattern multiplicati 4 fe shown n gure ion. Thus, the total array PS? TITLE COVER Betore aa Scanned with CamScanner| | | Nt SLAMAYS § Antenna Meas lena Measurements tigen 80 Total Areay Pattorn of Two Non IstiopleEaoents V ay pattern onthe soa neh egye ter the lane hs for aes 4.4.2 Uniform Linear Array Bi Side Arrays, Enufire ‘Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Dorivation of thelr Characteristics and Comparison Q30, What is unttorm tinear array ? application of near array. Discuss the Ans: Ualform Linear Areay neral ingle element antennas, wis ae wl in froadcn services povsre eo ufo zshation pattern, This type of antennas are not useful in point to communication, To overcome non uniform radiation, the scovees tequity high dliteetive antennas which radiates higher ‘esoat oFeneryy in particular direction. This type of radiation pater achieved by using antenna array. An antenna array ‘san arrangement of antennas in serial manner with identical coeatations and distances, - An array, in which all the antennas afe placed at equal sunces fiom cach ther ina straight line is referred to as ‘oar array, If all there elements are fed with the currents of «gual magnitude and progressive phase shift, then such arrays =e known as uniform Finear array. Applications of Linear Array “To minimize the interference between desired users and interfering signals, adaptive linear arrays are employed in wireless communications. Mobile radar equipment uses planar array antenna. linear arrays are used Due to extremely compact size, of linear arrays. Ant: : ; tages of Linear Arrays Lineaé arrays produces high overall gain. These arrays provide diverse reception. These arzays gives radiation in single direction and cancels the interference from that direction. By using linear arrays, Signal to) Interference plus Noiss Ratio (SINR) can be maximized, Array becomes more sensitive in particular direction by rotating (or) stecr the finent aay. — ‘LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGI Duadvantages of Linear Array* 1, Ray deflection is possible in 2 single plane These are complex in arrangement and more 2 tees pically controlled phase shifters are required 3. Field view restricted. 4 Minor lobes are formed. 5. Large power loss due to current flowing through all, antennas. 6. Effective efficiency is reduced. 7, Implementation and installation cost is high. ression for the radiation of 32. Deredstde uniform linear array of doloments with 2/2 spacing and obtain Its radiation pat- tern. . Nov-18, (R13), O80) n expression for radiated power of @ ‘n' vertical dipoles. Plot horizontal planers for Doriv broad side array with the Rp in vertical and BSA of 4 dipoles. Ans: ‘A broadside array consisting of n dipoles aligned vertically, is shown in figure (1). J// lr Figuro (1k Arrangement of n Dipoles Spaced Equally __In broadside array, the radiation is maximum direction, normal tothe anay ans efor O = 90° and 270% since all the radiating elements amplitude and are in phase, thusa.=0. cee Substitute = 0 inthe array factor given by, > toheoes sn ‘or maximum radiation in the broadside directiod the fhe of Osa be 90° i., 0 = 90°, Therefore equation (1) Ws fi cos 90+ a= 0 <0+a~0 oe _W=ano > [yeBdea| Scanned with CamScannerVE PROPAGATION (JNTU-HYDERARy, | A.24 ANTENNAS AND WA! - 1 ANN eG, niet inn ERY OT aap ; : vbststoting y vale in the equation E, we Bet, ee ; ‘ i2 , for m= 4 init sinmy!2 ‘To plot the radiation pattern aD mig, insiny 2 Jobe maxims (0. aay must be calculated. Which gy! by the formula, 1 : inti cos0 é yanneorfs OU a | 2 ® = a “Assuming d= N2, substituting = Oand n=. ny, above equation, we get, i s Bec08 be. N+ | Sine, as a the term sin ——S—— ean > Scene = Qx4xn/2 F ~ Bd cost ' approximated to (2N +1) § = cost} + ‘ ; 4 sin{ "Bd cos . ' 2 w= @), Nt, "pucosd (#3) , Crain = 60°14 “The far field parameter radiation intensity that is defined as “power radiated per unit solid angle” is calculated by the =441.4° or + 138.6" _ product of square of the distance and radiation density. { «. Four minor lobe maximas for = 4 occurs at+4i., 2 Fane, (5) |: + 138.62, -41.4° and -138.6° Here, F denotes radiation intensity in watts per unt solid Ifwe assume N=. tangle and P,, denotes radiation density in watts/m®. The rela- , minor lobe maxima would notexis 5 : : tion between antenna’s far electric field and radiation intensity | since cos (B,,.),, for “ > 1 does not exist because casse is given by, function lies below 1. f Substituting y = 0 in equation (2), the minor lote woo E Le oee tutti in oiined on Che mi . =90° or 270° .* k ~ ale (8.6)? +16 (,8,6)71 ‘Thus, the radiation patter of broadside array with for dipoles is shown in figure (2). So" 290.925 NEON HEROOE 6 Here, E denotes antennas far zone electric field inten- sity with components £, and E, and 1 is free space impedance (1207) r - ___Powerradiated can be calculated by integrating radiation intensity over the entire solid angle of 4r. Pe) fom a p= fosino aoap ° Here d= sind ly isthe sold angle element, Pye J fen a As @ is independent of angles @ and @, Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-’ Antenna Array & Antenna Meas What is end fi aromerka ‘of W identical ote re array? De; esslons for the radiation pattern for an end fire array Model Papert, OP ie clecients jaced at an equal distance from 'y is an antenna the el (sotennas) are pls . 1 magnitude, i traight line and are fed wid aphoreniige phase-shift of 180° (L¢ un-equal phase-shift) and currents of equal magnitude, oe the direction of radiation is along the array axis as shown in figure (1)- -+-> Direction of : Maximum radistion / « Fipora(t) iiempl “ne radiation patter of unidirectional (or) bidirectional end fire arrays is unidirectional fhe ere ote isa two clement array fed with equal current 180° out of phase. Expressions for the Radiation Pattern of an End Fire Array with ‘N Identical Elements: Consider general arrangement of end fre array shown in the figure (2). paid. Figira (2k End Fire Array Here, the antennas are placed at equal distances along the line and with a phase having a phase shift of 180° (Lc, un-equal phase shift) and currents of equal magnitude. " tex . Inend fire stray, aa W =BdcosO +a s # W =0, when = * ie = a =-fd W =Bdcos@—Bd “ W =Bd(cos8-1) Here, sin® value is maximum, when 6 = 90° “(7) . oft) ea{Z)o° | | | | | Y sane ne tateneeh 2 2 2 Scanned with CamScannerY = Bd(eos 6-1) 2) Equations (1) and (2) are equal, Pid (e080, — 1) =, 2N+UR ” QN+)r mpd QN+)x mB (6050, — 1) = con8,_~ + + (0, )anur = 084 2 QN+DR nBd Consider n= 4, aah 2 @ ftNe1 QQ) +)r (EL) ,.)-= cos] + (8.,,),= cos = cos" = cos” The value of on ( (0,.),> €03°[ ©) = c050.25)=75,5° (bh) IfN=2 0). 605") 2 Povo L (? 2) ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION {JNTU-HYDERAg,, = cos (- 0.25) =—75.5° (ii) _ Direction of Pattern Minima Bercos 6,,+a= +25" n Bitcos 6,,— Ba = + 2NE ” Bad (cos 0,,,— 1) = +24 . n 2Nn- ** és 0,,,-1)= t+ (€8s Oy) +78 2Nx iT ad cos 0, — I= +: Substituting, values of 8, are + iv.” 152, 3,4 in the above . the ‘equation, the 90°, £120,» 18; Scanned with CamScannerone eee oa eer fern of End Fira Array Consistin Sources of Samo Ampli Compute the princi and end fire array. ple beamwidth for broadside An The beam width of major lobe is defined as the angle terween first nulls, where the fields doesn’t exist or twice the angle between a null arid the direction of maximum radiation. The beam width for broadside and end firé arrays is obtained 2s detailed in the following. Broadside Array: The expression for beam width of the major lobe, BWEN is given by, : BWFN=2*y a) Where, ‘Y- Angle between first null and maximum of major lobe. y =90-8,,, @) oan -orlut a ‘The equation for direction of minor lobe minima is given by, oe I But, for a broadside array case, = 0 = 0, -ow [a = eet] fF] From equation (2), mm at vo you? IFN'A>> nd, the total length of array is given by, La(n-Vd = nd Bee BWEN= —~ radians or 1146 BWFN= ——— degrees (Z/A] (cr L radian = 57.3 degrees) End Fire Array: In this case, the expression for beam width of major lobes is given by, Beamwidth = 2 x Angle between first nulls and + maximum of major lobes => BW=2%0,, Here, 7 is not needed, as the beamwidth of end fire is larger than broadside s ‘Then, the end fire pattern minima occurs at, For small @,.. sin0,,, = 0. ‘Vind * BW=2%0, ‘ = mS) | .BWFN= 32, Forlonganay,L=(n-d = Lend Shes Scanned with CamScanner‘fans: Linear Array For answer refer Unit, Q4> Tue comparison between broad side amay and end fis Broad Side Array EE What is linear Sa ‘Compare broad side array and end fire array. End Fire Array jt. [the array in which th Perpemirular Wo axis of array is known as broad side array 1e radiation direction is 2. | In broad side array, phase difference ct = 0" General expression for pattem maxima is, | ON+D} {nae Insc = cvs Yo | | Gras Inne = cos {if and al} 4. | General expression for pattern minima is,.« Ni . 1 nas Ioinor = cos YE—— °. os | at 5. | Half power beam width is given by, 6. | Directivity of broad side array is, mG) Beain width between first nulls is, 46 BWEN = 13 Ge | (") {In broad side atray, all elements are equally spaced along the array aais nitudi and fed with current oF equal id same phase, 9. | Radiation pattern of broad side array is bidirectional In broad side array, y= Bacos dee ww Keas) ost far the SIA GROUP inns % The aay in which the maximum radiation direction 5 along the axis of the array in known as end fire array, In end fire array, phase difference between adjacent element is a= Pid General expression for pattern maxima is, QN+D (Gracin owe ‘Qed | General expression for pattern ininima is, ®,. wasn B Half power beam width is given by, HPBW = 57.3 [F acine WE) Directivity of end fire array is, =f ‘Beam width between first nulls is, , RWEN= 114.6 degree mend fire array, , We Bl eos 8 +g Scanned with CamScannerte 7. Write short notes on binomial array: Ans: ray as the coetfics constructed by axing Fantenna elements in the 3 ‘An array which i formed by arranging the amplitudes o ee rah expansion, thea this type of array is referred as binomial array. Basically, a bi place nulls, which ull are in the same Z-plane Jocation Z ~~ 1 Ifthe clement spacing in array is z (or) less, then there is no side lobes are produced by binomial array, Gererg, | viaomial arrays, the side lobes are produced for element spacing greater than * >"> . ‘Binomial array exhibits special characteristics under the wavelength fess than “> ‘rst one is that the amplitude sa ; i ity of antenna increases very vn {or radiation pater ofa binomial array has only single null, which means that the ceri of tena iets rt (erfunction of entenna number (element number). Therefore, itis clear that element Pi atin cae ‘fine array. On the contrary the phase pattem is strongly affected by element number. a i is not Second one is the excitation of binomial array is always: symmetrical and real, if the phase sit is eee Tek sin end fie aay radiation pattem due to a binomial array can be implemented without any fun’ phase 7 ‘The reasons behind the usage of binomial arrays are illustrated as follows. 1. To reduce the secondary lobes or minor lobes or side lobes in uniform linear array, by increasing the length, the direct, increases and it also produces secondary side lobes. > For certain applcations, it is necessary to eliminate the side lobes to achieve highly desirable performances. — f What are the advantages and disadvantages of binomial array? Fans: ‘Advantages of Binomial Array 1. Binomial array reduces the minor lobes (or) secondary lobes by feeding with current of non-uniform amplitudes. 2. - Ingeneral, pascal triangle is used to sélect the amplitudes of elements. 3. Inderivation of pattern, principle of pattem multiplication is used. : 4. Minor lobes does not appears in the radiation pattern. : Disadvantages of Binomial Array 1, In binomial array, the directi decreases for increase in half power beam width (HPBW). ea For example, consider 5 element binomial array with = space apart and HP! ee Z nd HPBW of binomial and uniform at! = respectively 23° and 31° as shown in figures (1) and (2).. a P< 2 Took for the SMA GROUP LOGO {J} on the TLE causa ~ Scanned with CamScannerT-4 Antenna Arrays & Antenna Measurements MS : Figure (2): Binary Array n = 5, Amplitude Ratio 1:4:1 To design a large array, the larger amplitude ratios are needed. Main lobe beam width is large. oat adhe meee nbn ban nsAM about th nat Explain in O41. Explain in do na Measurements Ans: pivomial Array For ans. St tefer Unit-g, 937 t Muses pascal triangle to select the coefficient or amplitudes of elements. Principle of multiplication of pattem is used for derivation of pattem, Secondary lobes does ni ot ir radiation pattern, aoe HPBW increases and directivity decreases. Example : For 5 element array with ~ spacing HPBW = 31° a i—> . . . Design is complex for large array due to large | amplitude ratio 2. Explain the need for n of a4 element binomial array. = binomial array and differentiate it with a lt Nev 98, (PIT COO) Linear Array Tn antenna array if the individual antennas are equally spaced in a straight line, then it is said to be a linear array. If clements are fed with equal amplitude, then it is called as uniform linear array. Itdoes not use pascal triangle. Principle of multiplication of pattern is used for derivation of pattern. Secondary lobes appear in the radiation pattern. : HPBW is less compared to binomial array. Example : For 5 element array with F spacing HPBW = 23 =12dB b) VW uu Nov Foee-13, ROM). OH) .ed to produce high directivity (i.¢., low beam width) for a given side-lobe level and vice Dea arrays are Us Iph-Tchebyscheff array: fT current amplitude distribution is optimum. Dolph used Tchebyscheff polynomial in Ids 1/2, the Dolph-Tehebysche ssign of linear arrays. ‘The Tchebyscheff polynomial is given by. os(in.cos'x), 1x41 TC) Jeoshgn.cosh'x), |x? #1 jide arrays feven oil odd number af sources. The " ~ $s shown in figure (1). sources are spaced at d distance and is. Considering the linear brow |e hae ae Ram auLae One JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ——— sia GROUP 5 Sconned with CamScanner2a, 4, a, Odd number of source N-even number of sources Figure (1) Vor even number of sources, the field is given by, 2 A, J 3 E, = 2a, 08°5 4 2a, c05 > s2acost ak 2a Where, 2n We 50 -dc 2n i dsin® te ‘rom figure (1), AC = d sinO) 24,6, VED |g nas... (n,=D=2(k H) = = =2k+1 _ 2k+t 2 SlE, Se cof [24h] : ati tio _u 7 4 4) Where. Steps to be followed to obtain amplitude distribution are given us follows, Scanned with CamScannerie. T= Here, the value of «is given by . a [r- ry" eT al Fay" fea | Then. choosing array Polynomial | Le. E . E, from equations (1) or (2) the field intensity must be determined. 1 * 142) 32} + 0.116% 2021 5 . (or) = 4,2 a[8 82+ 1] +, cos 'Pi2 cos 5 Finally. equating 7__(1) with array polynomial £, selected from previous step, ‘ ten T(E, The coefficients and the ratios of relative amplitudes are calculated, ‘Thus. the amplitude distribution of linear broadside arrays using Dolph-Tehebyscheff anclysis is attsined. Fattern of 4-Element Binomial Array ‘The pattern of four element binomial array is attained as shown in figure (4) Figure (3) Pattern of Figure (¢i: Pattern ot cf 4-elements with element Array element Array . Scanned with CamScanner4.2.2 Patterns to be hidaareal Directivity Measurement, Gain Me Comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods) Q56. Explain in detail about the measurement of radiation pattern with neat diagram. Ans: Mov.AS, (R13), Bib} The antenna pattern is also termed as radiation pattern of an antenna. The radiation pattern is the plot of the intensity of radiation taken at different points that are at equal distance from the antenna. It is also defined as plot of power density with respect to the direction. The radiation pattern needs intensity of radiation measurement over the spatial angles, since if ts three dimensional. . Consider 3-coordinate Cartesian system in which the antenna whose pattern is to be measured is placed at ~ origin as shown in figure ) ). SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS- - ‘Sia GROUP Gi Scanned with CamScanner4.48 ANTENNAS AND WANE [7 Fppmcally polen7e Ss es eae Fo he measured 7 Anenna Caan angle Figure (1h The plane XY is horizontal plane, For horizontal plane ‘antenna, the two patterns exhibited are, 1. @ component of E-field (horizontal) is measured as a function of 6 in XY plane (0 = 90"). This is indicated as |(0 90°, 0) and called as E-plane pattem. 2. The @ component of E-field is measured as a function of 0 in XZ plane (@ = 0°). This is represented as E, (0, = 0°) and called as H-plane pattern, These E-plane and H-plane patterns are mutually perpendicular to the major lobe as shown in figure (2). jz rept aren egiowendd, | ee G Fina” * | conor Creawe oo pariew Fog ‘east Figure (2) The plane XZis called vertical plane and the two patterns to be measured in this plane are, 1. The ‘8" component of E-field is measured as a function of @ in AY plane (0 ~ 90°). This is represented by £0 ~ 90°, 6) and called as H-plane pattern. 2. The 6 component of E-field is measured as a function Of 0 in XZ plane (9 0°). This is represented as E,(0, 9 ~ 90") and called as E-plane pattern * ‘ ‘The horizontal and vertical radiation pattern of horizontal antenna is as depicted in figure (3). four patterns she measuring antenna niques used FOF ine ate, i in any one of the PI epee, pinay ema ae is equipped fF ir “the field strength and direction cy in eicular Fashions Ty respect €0 PAMAY is nity secondary anteni™ on the circular path OF Secondsn, at different Por equired antenna pattern plotismal, The wo tec antenna. Th 2, Inthis procedur 2M ical axis ith , the primary antenna is rotated alon, pect tosecondary antenna, Thefigg | eceiving antenna with res Tonga at primary receiving ma strong iy secondary antenna is Feeorded a differ “het aided values. plot is mad he procedur a neat diagram explain tl = a Wreasuremont ‘of radiation pattern of antenna iso derive the expression for minimum dis. tance required to obtain accurate field patter, Ans: Model Papers, an) ‘The experimented set up for the measurement of radiation pattern is as shown in figure (1). ‘Secondary Antenna ‘Secondary Antenna (Transmitting Antenna) (Antenga Under Test) RE, Cable “Transmilter OR Oscillator Figure (1}: Radiation Pattorn Measurement The equipment consist of ini 5 @ transmitting or primaty ey Antenna under test or secondary antenna, a meut! ah sn ee antenna to rotate in desired direction and 2" aaa wow the magnitude of received filed as shown it E04 neta (0 = 90°, $) and H-plane pater, ions leasured by placing antennas in xy-P!% 1) and xz-plane ( it ra ‘ Vertical) with the help of rotatiNe cng ekg Dt pencin on indicator. For measuring large numb < pattem recorder is used ut receiver 5 Scanned with CamScanner