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Chapter 0 Units Physical Quantities and Vectors

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22 views33 pages

Chapter 0 Units Physical Quantities and Vectors

Uploaded by

batucan.almer27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Units, Physical
Quantities, and
Vectors
Goals for Chapter
–1 To learn three fundamental quantities of physics and the
units to measure them
– To keep track of significant figures in calculations
– To understand vectors and scalars and how to add vectors
graphically
– To determine vector components and how to use them in
calculations
– To understand unit vectors and how to use them with
components to describe vectors
– To learn two ways of multiplying vectors
The nature of physics

• Physics is an experimental science in which


physicists seek patterns that relate the
phenomena of nature.
• The patterns are called physical theories.
• A very well established or widely used theory
is called a physical law or principle.
Standards and units
Length
• Unit
– SI – meter, m
• meter – the distance traveled by light in vacuum
during 1/(299792458) of a second (around 3.33
nanoseconds)
Mass

•Units
– SI – kilogram, kg

•Kilogram - mass of a specific


cylinder of platinum-iridium
kept at the International
Bureau of Standards in
France.
Time
• Units
– seconds, s

•Second – is the time of


oscillation of radiation from
a cesium atom
(Atomic clock)
Unit prefixes
• Table 1.1 shows some larger and smaller units for
the fundamental quantities.

Customized by Dr. Ahmad I. Ayesh, Department of Mathematics,


Statistics and Physics , Qatar University, 2014
Unit consistency and
conversions
Uncertainty and significant figures
Uncertainty and significant
figures
Uncertainty and significant figures
Vectors and scalars
Drawing vectors
• Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its tip.
• The length of the line shows the vector’s magnitude.
• The direction of the line shows the vector’s direction.
• Figure 1.10 shows equal-magnitude vectors having the
same direction and opposite directions.
Adding two vectors graphically—Figures 1.11–
•
1.12
Two vectors may be added graphically using either the
parallelogram method or the head-to-tail method.
Subtracting vectors
• Figure 1.14 shows how to subtract vectors.
Multiplying a vector by a
scalar
• If c is a scalar,
the product cA
has magnitude |c|
A.

• Figure 1.15
illustrates
multiplication of a
vector by a positive
scalar and a negative
scalar.
Addition of two vectors at right angles
Components of a vector
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited accuracy. Vector
components provide a general method for adding vectors.
• Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax and a y-
component Ay.
• Use trigonometry to find the components of a vector: Ax = Acos θ and
Ay = Asin θ, where θ is measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-axis.
Positive and negative
components

• The components of a vector can


be positive or negative
numbers, as shown in the
figure.
Calculations using components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude
and direction:
Finding components
Example 1.6: Determine the x- and y-components of vectors D and
E.

Magnitude of D is 3.00m and α=45.0º.

Magnitude of E is 4.50m and β=37.0º .
Calculations using components
• We can use the components of a
set of vectors to find the components
of their sum:
Problem-solving Strategy (adding
vectors)
Adding vectors using their components – Example
Unit Vectors
• A unit vector has a magnitude
of 1 with no units.
• The unit vector
points in the +x-direction, iˆ
points inĵ the +y-direction, and
points
k̂ in the
+z-direction.
• Any vector can be expressed
in terms of its components as


A  Ax iˆ  Ay jˆ  Az kˆ.
The Scalar Product (1 of 2)
The Scalar Product (2 of 2)
• The scalar product can be
positive, negative, or zero,
depending on the angle
between 
A and B.
Calculating a Scalar Product Using
Components
• In terms of components:

• The scalar product of two vectors is the sum of the


products of their respective components.
Finding an Angle Using the Scalar
Product
• Example 1.10 shows how to use components to find the
angle between two vectors.
The Vector Product
If the
vector product (“cross product”) of two vectors is
C  A  B then:

The direction of the vector product can be found using the right-
hand rule:
The Vector Product is Anticommutative

A  B  B  A
Calculating the Vector Product
• Use ABsin to find the magnitude and the right-hand
rule to find the direction.

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