Force

What is Force?
Force is the push or pull applied on an object. Force is used
in our daily lives regularly.
Effects of force: -
1. It can move a stationary object.
2. It can slow down or stop a moving object.
3. It can change the shape of an object.
4. It can change the direction of a moving object.
Types of forces: -
1. Mechanical force: - The force applied by machines is called mechanical
force. For example, the engine of a train
generates a large amount of mechanical
forces that enables it to pull the coaches attached
to it.
2.Muscular force: - The force applied by muscles of our body is called
muscular force. For example, while lifting a box we
use muscular force.
3. Frictional force: - The force that causes moving things to slow down and
stop is called frictional force or friction. It is the force
that acts opposite to motion. For example, it comes into
play when a ball that is rolling down on the ground stops
or when a moving truck comes to a halt.
Advantages of friction: - Friction helps us to walk, hold things in our hands, to
write on paper, to move on steadily on the ground
etc.
Disadvantages of friction: - Friction makes it difficult to move heavy things
across the floor. It also causes harm to
machines as the moving parts of a machine
produce heat due to friction. The soles of shoes, the
surfaces of tires etc. also wear out due to
friction.
4. Magnetic force: - The force exerted by a magnet is called magnetic force.
A magnet attracts iron and materials made from iron.
5. Gravitational force: - The force that pulls things towards the Earth’s core is
called gravitational force. For example, an apple falls
down from an apple tree instead of just hovering in the
air due to gravitational force.
6. Electrostatic force: - It is an attractive force that attracts things towards an
object due to electric charges. For example, a plastic
comb which is electrically charged by rubbing in dry
hair attracts small pieces of shredded paper towards
it.
Energy
What is energy?
Energy is the ability of a body to do work. Energy can take many forms. It can be
transferred and stored. Energy can change from one form to another though it can not
be created or destroyed.
There are different types of energy such as: -

1. Light energy

2. Heat energy

3. Sound energy

4. Electrical energy

5. Mechanical energy

6. Solar energy

7. Hydro energy

8. Wind energy

9. Potential energy

10. Kinetic energy

Machines that have very few parts and a simple structure are called simple machines.

There are 6 types of simple machines: -

1. Lever: - Lever is a simple machine that can move heavy things. A lever is a rigid bar or rod
that rests on a point called fulcrum. The object that is to be moved is called load.
The force that is applied on the lever is called effort.
There are 3 types of levers: -

• Class I lever: - A lever in which the fulcrum is between the load and the effort is called a Class I lever. Examples
of Class I levers are scissors, pliers, hammers, beam balance etc.

• Class II lever: - A lever in which the load lies in between the fulcrum and effort is called a Class II lever.
Examples of Class II levers are nutcracker, wheelbarrow, stapler etc.

• Class III lever: - A lever in which the effort lies in between the load and fulcrum is called a Class III lever.
Examples of Class III levers are tweezers, tongs, fishing rod etc.
2. Pulley: - A pulley has a grooved wheel and a rope. The groove keeps the rope in its place. The object to be lifted
is tied to one end of the rope. Force is applied to the other end of the rope by pulling it.

There are two types of pulley: -

• Fixed pulley: - In this type of pulley, the wheel is attached to a hook or a wall and spins at one fixed place. A fixed
pulley changes the direction of the force. The effort should be equal to the load to be lifted.

• Movable pulley: - In this type of pulley, the wheel moves with the load as load is attached to the pulley. Less
effort is used to lift the load.
3. Inclined plane: - An inclined plane is a slope which connects a lower level to higher level and vice
versa. Children’s slide in a playground, ramps for wheelchairs and sloping roads are
some examples of inclined planes.
4. Screw: - A screw is a special type of inclined plane that is wrapped spirally around a cylinder. It
is used to hold things tightly together. One end of the screw is pointed while the
other end has a groove. A screwdriver is fixed into this groove and rotated.
5. Wedge: - A wedge is an object with two inclined planes ending in a sharp edge. The sharp
edge is used to cut materials. Examples of wedge are: - An axe, a nail, a razor and a
knife.
6. Wheel - and - axle: - A wheel - and - axle has a large wheel connected to a small rod (axle).
These two are at the centre so that they move together. When the wheel is
turned the axle also moves. Examples of wheel - and - axle are: - steering
wheel, bicycle pedal, door knob and a screwdriver.
Thank you