PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER AND

COMPOSITION

Course Information

Dr. Yiju Wang

School of Aerospace and Engineering, Xiamen University
wangyiju@xmu.edu.my
Office: A1-425
CHAPTER 5

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CHAPTER 5

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

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 Chapter5 Central Processing Unit
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 5.1 General register organization

 5.2 Stack organization
 5.3 Instruction format
 5.4 Addressing modes
 5.5 Program control
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
 Chapter5 Central Processing Unit
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 5.1 General register organization

 5.2 Stack organization
 5.3 Instruction format
 5.4 Addressing modes
 5.5 Program control
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instructions set of 8086

 Instructions set of 80386
 Instructions set of 80486
 Instructions set of Pentium
 Coding with Assembly Language
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instructions set of 8086

 Instructions set of 80386
 Instructions set of 80486
 Instructions set of Pentium
 Coding with Assembly Language
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Data transfer instructions

 Arithmetic instructions
 Logic instructions
 String manipulation instructions
 Control instructions
 Flag manipulating instructions
 Machine control instructions
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Data transfer instructions

 Arithmetic instructions
 Logic instructions
 String manipulation instructions
 Control instructions
 Flag manipulating instructions
 Machine control instructions
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Logical Instructions
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Logical Instructions
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 NOT OPR
 (OPR)   (OPR)
 AND DST, SRC
 (DST)  (DST)  (SRC)
 OR DST, SRC
 (DST)  (DST)  (SRC)
 XOR DST, SRC
 (DST)  (DST)  (SRC)
 TEST OPR1, OPR2
 (OPR1)  (OPR2)
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 NOT OPR
 (OPR)   (OPR)
 AND DST, SRC
 (DST)  (DST)  (SRC)
 OR DST, SRC
 (DST)  (DST)  (SRC)
 XOR DST, SRC
 (DST)  (DST)  (SRC)
 TEST OPR1, OPR2
 (OPR1)  (OPR2)
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 AND
 Used in clearing certain bits (masking)
 OR
 Used in setting certain bits
 XOR
 Used in Inverting bits
 Used to compare if two numbers are equal
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 AND
 Used in clearing certain bits (masking)
 OR
 Used in setting certain bits
 XOR
 Used in Inverting bits
 Used to compare if two numbers are equal
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Mask bit 0 and bit 1

 AND AL, 0FCH
 Set bit 5
 OR AL, 20H
 Invert bit 0 and bit 1
 XOR AL, 3
 Test if AL=03H
 XOR AL, 03H
 Test if bit 0 is 1 or 0
 TEST AL, 1
JZ EVEN
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Mask bit 0 and bit 1

 AND AL, 0FCH
 Set bit 5
 OR AL, 20H
 Invert bit 0 and bit 1
 XOR AL, 3
 Test if AL=03H
 XOR AL, 03H
 Test if bit 0 is 1 or 0
 TEST AL, 1
JZ EVEN
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Examples
 AND AL, 0FH
 AND AX, BX
 AND DX, [BX+SI] ；
 OR AX, 00F0H
 XOR AL, 0FH
 XOR AX, AX
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Mask bit 0 and bit 1

 AND AL, 0FCH
 Set bit 5
 OR AL, 20H
 Invert bit 0 and bit 1
 XOR AL, 3
 Test if AL=03H
 XOR AL, 03H
 Test if bit 0 is 1 or 0
 TEST AL, 1
JZ EVEN
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Examples
 TEST AX, 8000H
 TEST AL, 01H
 NOT AL
 NOT BX
 NOT WORD PTR [1000H] ； 1000H 和
1001H
 AND AL, 0FH
 OR AL, 0FH
 XOR AL, 0FH
 TEST AL, 0FH
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Examples
 TEST AX, 8000H
 TEST AL, 01H
 NOT AL
 NOT BX
 NOT WORD PTR [1000H] ； 1000H 和
1001H
 AND AL, 0FH
 OR AL, 0FH
 XOR AL, 0FH
 TEST AL, 0FH
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Shift and Rotate Instructions

 SHL/SAL: shift logical left/shift arithmetic left
 SHR: shift logical right
 SAR: shift arithmetic right
 ROL: rotate left
 ROR: rotate right
 RCL: rotate left through carry
 RCR: rotate right through carry
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Shift and Rotate Instructions

 SHL/SAL: shift logical left/shift arithmetic left
 SHR: shift logical right
 SAR: shift arithmetic right
 ROL: rotate left
 ROR: rotate right
 RCL: rotate left through carry
 RCR: rotate right through carry
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 SHL OPR, CNT

 SAL OPR, CNT
CF 0
 SHR OPR, CNT

0 CF
 SAR OPR, CNT
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 SHL OPR, CNT

 SAL OPR, CNT
CF 0
 SHR OPR, CNT

0 CF
 SAR OPR, CNT
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 ROL OPR, CNT CF

 ROR OPR, CNT
 RCL OPR, CNT
 RCR OPR, CNT CF

CF

CF
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 ROL OPR, CNT CF

 ROR OPR, CNT
 RCL OPR, CNT
 RCR OPR, CNT CF

CF

CF
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Assume (AX)= 0012H ， (BX)= 0034H

 MOV CL, 8
ROL AX, CL
ADD AX, BX ; (AX)= 1234H
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Assume (AX)= 0012H ， (BX)= 0034H

 MOV CL, 8
ROL AX, CL
ADD AX, BX ; (AX)= 1234H
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Assume (BX)=84F0H
 (BX) is unsigned integer, (BX)/2 is
 SHR BX, 1 ; (BX) = 4278H
 (BX) is signed integer, (BX)/2 is
 SAR BX, 1 ; (BX) = 0C278H
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Assume (BX)=84F0H
 (BX) is unsigned integer, (BX)/2 is
 SHR BX, 1 ; (BX) = 4278H
 (BX) is signed integer, (BX)/2 is
 SAR BX, 1 ; (BX) = 0C278H
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the following program

MOV CH, 4 ; counter of loop

MOV CL, 4 ; counter of shifting
NEXT: ROL BX, CL
MOV AX, BX
AND AX, 0FH
PUSH AX
DEC CH
JNZ NEXT 0000  (SP)
000F
0004
0008
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the following program

MOV CH, 4 ; counter of loop

MOV CL, 4 ; counter of shifting
NEXT: ROL BX, CL
MOV AX, BX
AND AX, 0FH
PUSH AX
DEC CH
JNZ NEXT 0000  (SP)
000F
0004
0008
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the following program

MOV CH, 4 ; counter of loop

MOV CL, 4 ; counter of shifting
NEXT: ROL BX, CL
MOV AX, BX
AND AX, 0FH
PUSH AX
DEC CH
JNZ NEXT 0000  (SP)
000F
0004
0008
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 String Instruction
 Source DS:SI, Destination ES:DI
 You must ensure DS and ES are correct
 You must ensure SI and DI are offsets into DS and ES
respectively
 Direction Flag (0 = Up, 1 = Down)
 CLD - Increment addresses (left to right)
 STD - Decrement addresses (right to left)
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 String Instruction
 Source DS:SI, Destination ES:DI
 You must ensure DS and ES are correct
 You must ensure SI and DI are offsets into DS and ES
respectively
 Direction Flag (0 = Up, 1 = Down)
 CLD - Increment addresses (left to right)
 STD - Decrement addresses (right to left)
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 String Instruction
 Source DS:SI, Destination ES:DI
 You must ensure DS and ES are correct
 You must ensure SI and DI are offsets into DS and ES
respectively
 Direction Flag (0 = Up, 1 = Down)
 CLD - Increment addresses (left to right)
 STD - Decrement addresses (right to left)
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI, SRC
LEA DI, ES: DEST
MOV CX,N
REP MOVSB
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI, SRC
LEA DI, ES: DEST
MOV CX,N
REP MOVSB
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI, SRC
LEA DI, ES: DEST
MOV CX,N
REP MOVSB
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI,SRC
LEA DI,ES: DEST
MOV CX,N
REPNE CMPSB
JNZ NOT_FOUNT
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI,SRC
LEA DI,ES: DEST
MOV CX,N
REPNE CMPSB
JNZ NOT_FOUNT
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA DI,ES:DEST
MOV CX,N
MOV AL,’M’
REPNE SCASB
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA DI,ES:DEST
MOV CX,N
MOV AL,’M’
REPNE SCASB
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI,SRC
LEA DI,ES:DEST
MOV CX,N
GOON:LODSB
CMP AL,0
JZ NEXT
STOSB
NEXT:DEC CX
JNE GOON
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Try to understand the program

 CLD
LEA SI,SRC
LEA DI,ES:DEST
MOV CX,N
GOON:LODSB
CMP AL,0
JZ NEXT
STOSB
NEXT:DEC CX
JNE GOON
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 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Program control instructions

 Branch group of instructions
 Interrupt instructions
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Flag manipulating instructions

 CLC ； CF←0, Clear carry to 0
 STC ； CF←1, Set carry to 1
 CMC ； Complement Carry
 CLD ； DF←0 Clear direction
 STD ； DF←1 Set direction
 CLI ； IF←0 Clear interrupt
 STI ； IF←1 Set interrupt
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Machine control instructions

 HLT
 NOP
 ESC
 LOCK
 WAIT
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Machine control instructions

 HLT
 HALT Processing
 The HLT instruction will cause the 8086 to stop fetching and
executing instructions.
 The 8086 will enter a halt state.
 The only way to get the processor out of the halt state are
with an interrupt signal on the INTR pin or an interrupt
signal on NMI pin or a reset signal on the RESET input.
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Machine control instructions

 NOP
 This instruction simply takes up three clock cycles and does
no processing.
 After this, it will execute the next instruction.
 This instruction is normally used to provide delays in
between instructions.
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Machine control instructions

 LOCK
 This is a prefix to an instruction.
 This prefix makes sure that during execution of the instruction, control of system bus is
not taken by other microprocessor.
 In multiprocessor systems, individual microprocessors are connected together by a
system bus.
 This is to share the common resources.
 Each processor will take control of this bus only when it needs to use common resource.
 The lock prefix will ensure that in the middle of an instruction, system bus is not taken
by other processors.
 This is achieved by hardware signal ‘LOCK’ available on one of the CPU pin.
 This signal will be made active during this instruction and it is used by the bus control
logic to prevent others from taking the bus.
 Once this instruction is completed, lock signal becomes inactive and microprocessors
can take the system bus.
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Machine control instructions

 ESC
 Whenever this instruction executes, the microprocessor does
NOP or access a data from memory for coprocessor.
 This instruction passes the information to 8087 math
processor.
 Six bits of ESC instruction provide the opcode to coprocessor.
 When 8086 fetches instruction bytes, co-processor also picks
up these bytes and puts in its queue.
 The co-processor will treat normal 8086instructions as NOP.
 Floating point instructions are executed by 8087 and during
this 8086 will be in WAIT.
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Machine control instructions

 WAIT
 This instruction takes 8086 to an idle condition.
 The CPU will not do any processing during this.
 It will continue to be in idle state until TEST pin of 8086
becomes low or an interrupt signal is received on INTR or
NMI.
 On valid interrupt, ISR is executed and processor enters the
idle state again.
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)
 Data Transfer Instructions
 MOV Move
 CMOVE/CMOVZ Conditional move if equal/Conditional move if zero
 CMOVNE/CMOVNZ Conditional move if not equal/Conditional move if not zero
 CMOVA/CMOVNBE Conditional move if above/Conditional move if not below or equal
 CMOVAE/CMOVNB Conditional move if above or equal/Conditional move if not below
 CMOVB/CMOVNAE Conditional move if below/Conditional move if not above or equal
 CMOVBE/CMOVNA Conditional move if below or equal/Conditional move if not above
 CMOVG/CMOVNLE Conditional move if greater/Conditional move if not less or equal
 CMOVGE/CMOVNL Conditional move if greater or equal/Conditional move if not less
 CMOVL/CMOVNGE Conditional move if less/Conditional move if not greater or equal
 CMOVLE/CMOVNG Conditional move if less or equal/Conditional move if not greater
 CMOVC Conditional move if carry
 CMOVNC Conditional move if not carry
 CMOVO Conditional move if overflow
 CMOVNO Conditional move if not overflow
 CMOVS Conditional move if sign (negative)
 CMOVNS Conditional move if not sign (non-negative)
 CMOVP/CMOVPE Conditional move if parity/Conditional move if parity even
 CMOVNP/CMOVPO Conditional move if not parity/Conditional move if parity odd
 XCHG Exchange
 BSWAP Byte swap
 XADD Exchange and add
 CMPXCHG Compare and exchange
 CMPXCHG8B Compare and exchange 8 bytes
 PUSH Push onto stack
 POP Pop off of stack
 PUSHA/PUSHAD Push general-purpose registers onto stack
 POPA/POPAD Pop general-purpose registers from stack
 IN Read from a port
 OUT Write to a port
 CWD/CDQ Convert word to doubleword/Convert doubleword to quadword
 CBW/CWDE Convert byte to word/Convert word to doubleword in EAX register
 MOVSX Move and sign extend
 MOVZX Move and zero extend
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Binary Arithmetic Instructions
 ADD Integer add
 ADC Add with carry
 SUB Subtract
 SBB Subtract with borrow
 IMUL Signed multiply
 MUL Unsigned multiply
 IDIV Signed divide
 DIV Unsigned divide
 INC Increment
 DEC Decrement
 NEG Negate
 CMP Compare
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Decimal Arithmetic Instructions
 DAA Decimal adjust after addition
 DAS Decimal adjust after subtraction
 AAA ASCII adjust after addition
 AAS ASCII adjust after subtraction
 AAM ASCII adjust after multiplication
 AAD ASCII adjust before division
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Logic Instructions
 AND And
 OR Or
 XOR Exclusive or
 NOT Not
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Shift and Rotate Instructions
 SAR Shift arithmetic right
 SHR Shift logical right
 SAL/SHL Shift arithmetic left/Shift logical left
 SHRD Shift right double
 SHLD Shift left double
 ROR Rotate right
 ROL Rotate left
 RCR Rotate through carry right
 RCL Rotate through carry left
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)
 Bit and Byte Instructions
 BT Bit test
 BTS Bit test and set
 BTR Bit test and reset
 BTC Bit test and complement
 BSF Bit scan forward
 BSR Bit scan reverse
 SETE/SETZ Set byte if equal/Set byte if zero
 SETNE/SETNZ Set byte if not equal/Set byte if not zero
 SETA/SETNBE Set byte if above/Set byte if not below or equal
 SETAE/SETNB/SETNC Set byte if above or equal/Set byte if not below/Set byte if not carry
 SETB/SETNAE/SETC Set byte if below/Set byte if not above or equal/Set byte if carry
 SETBE/SETNA Set byte if below or equal/Set byte if not above
 SETG/SETNLE Set byte if greater/Set byte if not less or equal
 SETGE/SETNL Set byte if greater or equal/Set byte if not less
 SETL/SETNGE Set byte if less/Set byte if not greater or equal
 SETLE/SETNG Set byte if less or equal/Set byte if not greater
 SETS Set byte if sign (negative)
 SETNS Set byte if not sign (non-negative)
 SETO Set byte if overflow
 SETNO Set byte if not overflow
 SETPE/SETP Set byte if parity even/Set byte if parity
 SETPO/SETNP Set byte if parity odd/Set byte if not parity
 TEST Logical compare
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)
 Control Transfer Instructions
 JMP Jump
 JE/JZ Jump if equal/Jump if zero
 JNE/JNZ Jump if not equal/Jump if not zero
 JA/JNBE Jump if above/Jump if not below or equal
 JAE/JNB Jump if above or equal/Jump if not below
 JB/JNAE Jump if below/Jump if not above or equal
 JBE/JNA Jump if below or equal/Jump if not above
 JG/JNLE Jump if greater/Jump if not less or equal
 JGE/JNL Jump if greater or equal/Jump if not less
 JL/JNGE Jump if less/Jump if not greater or equal
 JLE/JNG Jump if less or equal/Jump if not greater
 JC Jump if carry
 JNC Jump if not carry
 JO Jump if overflow
 JNO Jump if not overflow
 JS Jump if sign (negative)
 JNS Jump if not sign (non-negative)
 JPO/JNP Jump if parity odd/Jump if not parity
 JPE/JP Jump if parity even/Jump if parity
 JCXZ/JECXZ Jump register CX zero/Jump register ECX zero
 LOOP Loop with ECX counter
 LOOPZ/LOOPE Loop with ECX and zero/Loop with ECX and equal
 LOOPNZ/LOOPNE Loop with ECX and not zero/Loop with ECX and not equal
 CALL Call procedure
 RET Return
 IRET Return from interrupt
 INT Software interrupt
 INTO Interrupt on overflow
 BOUND Detect value out of range
 ENTER High-level procedure entry
 LEAVE High-level procedure exit
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
81
 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)
 String Instructions
 MOVS/MOVSB Move string/Move byte string
 MOVS/MOVSW Move string/Move word string
 MOVS/MOVSD Move string/Move doubleword string
 CMPS/CMPSB Compare string/Compare byte string
 CMPS/CMPSW Compare string/Compare word string
 CMPS/CMPSD Compare string/Compare doubleword string
 SCAS/SCASB Scan string/Scan byte string
 SCAS/SCASW Scan string/Scan word string
 SCAS/SCASD Scan string/Scan doubleword string
 LODS/LODSB Load string/Load byte string
 LODS/LODSW Load string/Load word string
 LODS/LODSD Load string/Load doubleword string
 STOS/STOSB Store string/Store byte string
 STOS/STOSW Store string/Store word string
 STOS/STOSD Store string/Store doubleword string
 REP Repeat while ECX not zero
 REPE/REPZ Repeat while equal/Repeat while zero
 REPNE/REPNZ Repeat while not equal/Repeat while not zero
 INS/INSB Input string from port/Input byte string from port
 INS/INSW Input string from port/Input word string from port
 INS/INSD Input string from port/Input doubleword string from port
 OUTS/OUTSB Output string to port/Output byte string to port
 OUTS/OUTSW Output string to port/Output word string to port
 OUTS/OUTSD Output string to port/Output doubleword string to port
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Flag Control Instructions
 STC Set carry flag
 CLC Clear the carry flag
 CMC Complement the carry flag
 CLD Clear the direction flag
 STD Set direction flag
 LAHF Load flags into AH register
 SAHF Store AH register into flags
 PUSHF/PUSHFD Push EFLAGS onto stack
 POPF/POPFD Pop EFLAGS from stack
 STI Set interrupt flag
 CLI Clear the interrupt flag
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Segment Register Instructions
 LDS Load far pointer using DS
 LES Load far pointer using ES
 LFS Load far pointer using FS
 LGS Load far pointer using GS
 LSS Load far pointer using SS
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 Instruction Set List of 80386 (Integer)

 Miscellaneous Instructions
 LEA Load effective address
 NOP No operation
 UB2 Undefined instruction
 XLAT/XLATB Table lookup translation
 CPUID Processor Identification
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 New Instructions in the Intel 486™ Processor

 BSWAP (byte swap) instruction.
 XADD (exchange and add) instruction.
 CMPXCHG (compare and exchange) instruction.
 ΙNVD (invalidate cache) instruction.
 WBINVD (write-back and invalidate cache) instruction.
 INVLPG (invalidate TLB entry) instruction
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
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 New Instructions in the Pentium® Processor

 CMPXCHG8B (compare and exchange 8 bytes)
instruction.
 CPUID (CPU identification) instruction .
 RDTSC (read time-stamp counter) instruction.
 RDMSR (read model-specific register) instruction.
 WRMSR (write model-specific register) instruction.
 RSM (resume from SMM) instruction.
 5.6 Characteristics and functions of instruction set
87

 New Instructions in the Pentium® Pro Processor

 CMOVcc—Conditional move.
 FCMOVcc—Floating-point conditional move on
condition-code flags in EFLAGS register.
 FCOMI/FCOMIP/FUCOMI/FUCOMIP—Floating-point
compare and set condition-code flags in EFLAGS
register .
 RDPMC—Read performance monitoring counters
MMX™ technology.
 UD2—Undefined instruction.