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Lecture 1 Intro To IO

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21 views27 pages

Lecture 1 Intro To IO

Uploaded by

Harshita Bansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

I/O Psychology

Department of Psychology
Topics

• What is I/O Psychology

• The field of I/O Psychology

• History of I/O Psychology

• I/O Psychology today


What is I-O Psychology?
• Studies of human behavior in work
settings (Riggio, 2013)
• The study of behavior in organizational
and work settings and the application of
the methods, facts, and principles of
psychology to individuals and groups in
organizational and work settings (SIOP,
2013).
Objectives
• Conduct research in an effort to increase our
knowledge and understanding of human work
behavior.
• Apply that knowledge to improve the work
behavior, the work environment, and the
psychological conditions of workers.

SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER MODEL
The field of I-O Psychology

• Personnel:
– Recruitment & selection
– Training
– Measuring performance
• Psychological process:
– Motivation
– Feelings of satisfaction and stress
• Group processes:
– Supervisors and subordinates relationship
– How group of workers coordinate to get the job
done
• Organisational structure:
– How physical, social, and psychological
environments affect worker behavior.
Industry Profile for I-O Psychologists

U.S. Department of Labor, 2015


History of I-O Psychology
The beginnings
• Walter Dill Scott (1908):
– Studied salespersons and the psychology
of advertising
• Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911):
– Scientific Management – the fastest, most
efficient way of performing any task
– Redesigning of work – breaking the job
down scientifically into measurable
components.
• Hugo Münsterberg (1913):
– Experimental psychologist interested in
the design of work and personnel
selection for jobs (e.g., streetcar
operator)
• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (1916):
– Use time-and-motion studies to make
accepted work procedures more
efficient and productive.
WWI and the 1920s
• Robert Yerkes:
– Army Alpha and Beta tests – mass
testing.

The Great Depression & WWII


• Elton Mayo:
– Hawthorne Studies (1933)
History of I-O Psychology
1919 - 1940
1919 • The Bureau of Salesmanship Research
– partnership between college and industry
– 27 companies contributed $500 annually for
psychological research
1921 • Psychological Corporation formed by James
Cattell
1924 Hawthorne Studies began at Hawthorne Works of
the Western Electric Company & Harvard University

1932 First I-O text book written by Morris Viteles

1933 Hawthorne Studies published

1937 American Association for Applied Psychology


Established
Hawthorne Studies
• Western Electric (WE) Company in Hawthorne,
Illinois.
– Series of experiments WE and Harvard University
• Relationship between lighting + efficiency
• Breaks + efficiency
– Hawthorne effect = positive change in behavior
that occurs at the onset of an intervention due to
participant’s knowledge of being observed.
– Human relations movement
Women in the Relay Assembly Test Room (1930)

Western Electric Company Hawthorne Studies Collection


Postwar years and the modern era
• 1964 – Civil Rights Act, Title VII
• 1967 & 1987 – Age Discrimination in
Employment Act
• 1990 – Americans with Disabilities Act
• 1991 – update of Civil Rights Act
Changes in the Workplace
Since 1980

• Personal computing • Teams vs. the


• Telecommuting & individual
virtual teams • Little stability
• Videoconferencing • Family-friendly
• Providing a service
workplaces
vs. manufacturing
• Greater diversity
“goods”
• Nature of work more • Global workplace
fluid
Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

17
Difference between Industrial and
Organisational Psychology

Until 1970 Industrial Psychology and


Organisational Psychology was treated as 2
sub groups.

The focus of organisational Psychologists has


changed from the individual to the individual as
a member of a group – to larger groups.
Difference between Industrial and
Organisational Psychology
Organisational
Industrial Psychology Psychology
Scope : testing, selection, Scope: individual and
job evaluation etc., Organisational Change

Orientation: Individual Orientation: System


oriented Oriented

Research Tradition: Research tradition: Less


experimental, empirical, and rigorous, humanistic and
objective clinical methods.
Major fields of Industrial/ Organisational
Psychology
3 Fields of I-O Psychology
• Personnel Psychology
– Staffing (selection & placement)
– Performance Appraisal

• Organizational Psychology
– Organization Development
(structure and culture)
– Training

• Human Factors/Ergonomics
– Workplace design, human-
machine interaction
Employment Settings of I-O Psychologists

Source: SIOP, 2004


I-O Psychology today
Trends in the world of work that are
important today and in the future of I/O
Psychology
• Changing nature of work
• Expanding focus on human resources
• Increasing diversity and globalization of
the workforce
• Increasing relevance of I/O Psychology in
policy and practice
The End
Demographics of I-O Psychologists

• In 2009, I-O psychologists represented about


7% of all APA members
• Average salaries (USDOL, 2011):
USD124,000

25
Critical Thinking
• What challenges do you foresee I-O
Psychologist will meet in the 21st Century?
Critical Thinking
• Choose one of the following fields. Discuss how an
I/O Psychologist may contribute to the following field:

– Information Technology
– Advertising
– Human Resource
– Aviation
– Banking

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