Lecture 01

Introduction
to Cloud
1
Computing
Cloud Computing – TCC6313
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 Why Cloud Computing?

Market research reports project that cloud computing market revenue in

South-East Asia is estimated to reach US$40.3bil by 2025.
Source: https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2020/06/09/malaysia-to-see-massive-spike-in-cloud-services

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 Cloud Market Share

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 Introduction
Computing in a “cloud”
John McCarthy (1961):
”If computers of the kind I have advocated
become the computers of the future, then
computing may someday be organized as a
public utility just as the telephone system is a
public utility. … The computer utility could
become the basis of a new and important
industry.”
Leveraging on Internet-based computer
utilities since mid-1990s.

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 Introduction (Cont.)
Cloud computing is a radical new IT delivery and
business model.

Users can use cloud services when and where they

need them and in the quantity that they need, and
pay for only the resources they use.

It also offers huge computing power, on‐demand

scalability, and utility‐like availability at low cost.

Cloud computing is no longer hype.

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 Computing Evolution

Mainframe Minicomputers Personal computers

Cloud computing Client-server computing Network computing

Distributed computing

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 Definition
Formal definition by Gartner:
 “…a style of computing where scalable and elastic IT-
enabled capabilities are provided as a service to
multiple customers using Internet technologies.”
Industry-wide acceptance definition was composed
by NIST in 2011 (Mell and Grance, 2011):
 “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction.”

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 Definition (Cont.)
ISO definition (ISO/IEC DIS 17789:2014, 2014):
 “Cloud computing is a paradigm for enabling network
access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical
or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and
administration on-demand.”
Broader and practical definition by Vaquero et al., 2009:
 “Cloud [are] a large pool of easily usable and accessible
virtualized resources such as hardware, development
platforms and/or services. These resources can be
dynamically reconfigured to adjust to a variable load
(scale), allowing also for an optimum resource utilization.
This pool of resources is typically exploited by a pay-per-
use model in which guarantees are offered by the
Infrastructure Provider by means of customized SLAs
[service-level agreements].”

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 Cloud Characteristics
On-demand self-service
 Computing capabilities (e.g. server time and network storage)
can be unilaterally automatically provisioned as needed.
Broad network access
 Capabilities are accessible through heterogeneous thin or
think client platforms (e.g. mobile phones, tablets, laptops,
and workstations).
Resource pooling
 Computing resources (e.g. storage, processing, memory, and
bandwidth) are pooled to serve multiple consumers, and are
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand.
Customers have no control over the exact location of
resources, but may be able to specify location (e.g. country,
state, or datacenter).

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 Cloud Characteristics (Cont.)
Rapid elasticity
 Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released
commensurate with demand. Available capabilities often
appear to be unlimited.
Measured service
 Resource use is automatically controlled and optimized
through metering capabilities, appropriate to type of
service (e.g. storage, processing, bandwidth, and active
user accounts).
Multitenancy
 Cloud computing is a shared resource that draws on
resource pooling as an important feature. It implies use
of same resources by multiple consumers, called tenants.

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 Key Cloud Computing
Attributes
 Have massive resources at their disposal and support
several users simultaneously.
 Support on-demand scalability of users’ computational
needs.
 Offer ubiquitous access – stored data and applications
are accessible by authorized users anywhere, anytime.
 Facilitate data sharing, enterprise-wide data analysis,
and collaboration.
 Are generally self-healing, and self-reconfigure
providing continuous availability in case of failure of
computing resources.
 Offer enhanced user experience via a simplified web-
browser user interface.

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 Cloud Service Models
• Cloud service:
• A computational or network resource, an application,
or any kind of IT service offered to a user by a cloud
• Three major foundational services:
• Software as a service (SaaS)
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Other cloud support services
• Security as a service
• Identity and access management as a service
• Function as a service
• Etc.

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 Software as a Service
 Are also called as “software clouds”.
 Application is hosted by a cloud vendor and
delivered as a service to users, primarily via the
Internet or a dedicated network.
 Eliminates the need to install and run the
application locally on a user’s computer –
relieves from the burden of hardware and
software maintenance and upgrades.
 Users do not owned the software license.
 Users are billed for the service(s) used,
depending on their usage.
 Examples: Google Apps, Dropbox.

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 SaaS (Cont.)

Figure 4.13 The cloud service consumer is given access the cloud service contract, but not to any
underlying IT resources or implementation details.

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 Platform as a Service
 Also called as “platform cloud” or “cloudware”.
 A vendor hosted the platform and tools for
application development and middleware systems,
and are offered to application developers.
 Allowing application developers to simply code and
deploy without directly interacting with the
underlying infrastructure.
 Tools and facilities required for building and
delivering applications and services (e.g. web service
integration, database integration, security, storage,
application versioning, team communication and
collaboration) are provided by the platform.
 Example: Heroku, Google App Engine.

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 PaaS (Cont.)

Figure 4.12 A cloud consumer is accessing a ready-made PaaS environment. The question mark indicates
that the cloud consumer is intentionally shielded from the implementation details of the platform.

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 Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)
 Raw computer infrastructure (e.g. server, CPU, storage,
network equipment, datacenter facilities) are delivered as
a service on demand.
 Clients can fully outsourced the services for the duration
that they need them instead of purchasing the resources.
 The service is billed according to the resourced
consumed.
 IaaS characteristics:
 Availability of a huge volume of computational resources on
demand.
 Use of enterprise-grade infrastructure at reduced cost.
 Dynamic scalability of infrastructure.
 Example: Amazon Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2),
FlexiScale.

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 IaaS (Cont.)

Figure 4.11 A cloud consumer is using a virtual server within an IaaS environment. Cloud consumers
are provided with a range of contractual guarantees by the cloud provider, pertaining to
characteristics such as capacity, performance, and availability.

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 Cloud Service Models (Cont.)
Controllability by Users Capability Offered to the
User
SaaS Limited application Use of application that run
configuration settings, on the cloud
but no control over
underlying cloud
infrastructure.
PaaS User has control of Deployment of applications
deployed applications on the cloud infrastructure;
and their environment may use supported
settings, but no control programming languages,
of cloud infrastructure. libraries, services and tools.
IaaS User has control of Provisioning of processing,
operating systems, storage, networks, etc.;
storage, and deployed may deploy and run
20 applications
Cloud Computing – TCC6313 running on operating systems,
virtualized resources applications, etc.
 Cloud Service Models (Cont.)

Users may need to use one or more of the

three foundational cloud services in order
to embrace clouds fully and successfully.
Users may have to use services from more
than one service provider, aggregate those
services, and integrate them with each
other, and with the organization’s legacy
applications/systems.

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 Combining Cloud Service Models
IaaS + PaaS

Figure 4.14 A PaaS environment based on the IT resources provided by an underlying IaaS environment.

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 Combining Cloud Service Models
(cont.)
IaaS + PaaS (cont.)

Figure 4.15 An example of a contract

between Cloud Providers X and Y, in
which services offered by Cloud Provider
X are physically hosted on virtual
servers belonging to Cloud Provider Y.
Sensitive data that is legally required to
stay in a specific region is physically
kept in Cloud B, which is physically
located in that region.

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 Combining Cloud Service Models
(cont.)
IaaS + PaaS + SaaS

Figure 4.16 A simple layered view of an

architecture comprised of IaaS and PaaS
environments hosting three SaaS cloud
service implementations.

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 Cloud Support Services

A cloud ecosystem that aims to augment,

complement or assist the popular SaaS, IaaS
and PaaS offerings.
Example:
 Data Storage as a Service (DSaaS)
 Analytics as a Service (AaaS)
 Desktop as a Service (DAAS)
 Security as a Service (SecaaS)
 Identity and access management as a
Service (IAMaaS)
 Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)

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 Cloud Support Services (Cont.)
 Data storage as a Service (DaaS)
 Data is stored in multiple third-party servers, and users access a virtual
storage.
 Analytics as a Service (AaaS)
 Provision of analytics platform – software and tools – on a cloud for
analysis and mining of large volumes of data i.e. big data.
 Desktop as a Service (DaaS)
 Ability to build, configure, manage, store, execute and deliver desktop
functions remotely.
 Security as a Service (SecaaS)
 Provision of security applications and services via the cloud.
 Identity and Access Management as a Service (IAMaaS)
 Offers cloud-based IAM services (e.g. password management,
authentication, authorization).
 Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)
 Facilitates the deployment of monitoring functionalities for various other
services and applications within the cloud.

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 Cloud Computing Deployment
Models

Based on:
 Where the cloud is deployed and by whom
 Who owns and manage the cloud
 Who its primary users are
Five deployment categories:
 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Virtual Private Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud

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 Public Clouds
Open for everyone – business,
industry, government, NGOs
and individuals – to use. The
infrastructure owned and managed
by the cloud service provider.

The services are offered on a

pay-per-usage model; some applications
are accessible for free.

Figure 4.17 Organizations act as cloud

consumers when accessing cloud
services and IT resources made
available by different cloud providers.

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 Private Clouds

Deployed, provided, and

controlled by an
enterprise behind its
firewall for its own use.

Figure 4.19 A cloud service consumer in the organization’s on-premise environment accesses a cloud service
hosted on the same organization’s private cloud via a virtual private network.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

A segment of public cloud,

designated for a user with
additional provisions and features
for meeting user’s specific
security and compliance
requirements.
Provide users with more control
over the resources they use than
a pure public cloud does.

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 Community Clouds

Known as “industry cloud” or

“vertical cloud”.

Specially deployed for use by a

particular industry sector or a
group of users so that it meets
specific requirements to address
issues that are crucial to them.

Figure 4.18 An example of a “community” of organizations accessing IT resources

from a community cloud.

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 Hybrid Clouds

A combination of two or more of

the other four cloud models.

E.g. an enterprise makes use of

both public and private clouds i.e.
less critical, low-risk tasks on a
public cloud, and business-critical
core applications on its internal
private cloud.

Figure 4.20 An organization using a

hybrid cloud architecture that utilizes
both a private and public cloud.

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 Benefits of Cloud Computing
 Reduced capital and operational cost
 Eliminate capital expenses to purchase hardware and upfront license fees for
software, as well as hardware and software maintenance and upgrade.
 Lower operational and service cost – they pay for what they use
 Improved flexibility
 Shared access to data/application-supporting collaboration and teamwork
 On-demand scalability
 To meet peak and uncertain computing demands.
 Greater data safety especially to enterprises in disaster-prone
areas
 Improved business continuity
 Easier and quicker application deployment
 Availability of vast cloud resources for every kind of application or
use

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 Benefits of Cloud Computing (Cont.)

Figure 3.8 An example of an organization’s changing demand for an IT resource over the course of a day.

From Cloud Computing by Thomas Erl, Zaigham Mahmood, and Ricardo Puttini
(ISBN: 0133387526) Copyright © 2013 Arcitura Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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 Limitations of Cloud
Computing

 Need for a reliable, always-available high-speed network

access to connect to clouds.
 Possibility of slow response at times due to increased
traffic or uncertainties on the network, or higher load on
computers in the cloud.
 Additional vulnerabilities to security of data and processes
on clouds.
 Risk of unauthorized access to users’ data.
 Loss of data due to cloud failure (despite replication across
multiple machines).
 Reliability and continued availability of services offered by
cloud service providers.

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 Conclusions
Cloud ecosystem provides vast array of services
that support and aid deployment of cloud-based
solutions for a variety of applications across many
different domains.
Emerging new types of cloud deployment, new
models that deliver value-added services, new
costing and business models.
Cloud-based applications are widely adopted by
individuals and businesses in developed and
developing countries such as Malaysia.
The government of Malaysia is promoting adoption
of clouds by businesses particularly the SMEs.

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