3 June 2008 Security Level: internal

Introduction to
the GPON
Technology
Access Network Product Introduction
Team
Network Product Line Technical
Support Dept. www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

 Prefac
e
When considering many broadband
applications in the future, more and
more nations learn that they have to
break through the access
“bottleneck” as soon as possible. And
optical fibers are the best
transmission media till now. This
training slide describes the
background, application, basic
concepts, and features of the GPON
technology, and the management
modes and service provision modes of
a GPON system.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

 Reference
 http://support.huawei.com/support/

Documentation / Access Network

Product Line/Optical Access/Optical
Access products/Function and
Feature/GPON Fundamentals-20070606-
A
 http://support.huawei.com/support/

Documentation/Access Network Product

Line/Optical Access/Optical Access
products/Function and Feature/FTTx
Network Configuration-20061107-A

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

 Objective
s
After this course, you can learn:
 GPON concepts and the development
background
 Architecture of an optical access network
 Main GPON protocols
 Key GPON technology

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 4

 Content
s
Chapter 1 Overview of an optical access

network

Chapter 2 Basic PON concepts

Chapter 3 GPON protocols

Chapter 4 Key GPON technology

Chapter 5 GPON physical features

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 5

 How to Solve the Contradiction
Between Distance and
Bandwidth?
… ???
ISDN HDSL ADSL ADSL2+ VDSL 2
…

xDSL technology
The xDSL
technology cannot
solve the
contradiction
between distance
and bandwidth.
Question: What to do?

Answer: “Replacing Copper Cables with

Optical Cables”! Taking the optical access
solutions!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

 Optical Access Solutions

(a) P2P network

CO
L km

Curb switch

(b) Curb switching

network N subscribers
CO L km

Passive
optical
splitter

(c) PON network

L N subscribers
km
CO

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

FTTx Application Scenario

Curb Building Home

Centre
office
ADSL2+
ADSL2+ DSL

GE ADSL2+
FTTC
VDSL2
GE
ADSL2+ FTTB
VDSL2
GE
10/100Base-T FTTB

PON FTTB
VDSL2/POTS

ONT FTTH

Being best-fit is the best

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
choice.
HUAWEI Confidential
Page 8
 Conten
ts
Chapter 1 Overview of an optical access

network

Chapter 2 Basic PON concepts

Chapter 3 GPON protocols

Chapter 4 Key GPON technology

Chapter 5 GPON physical features

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 9

What is a PON?
 Passive Optical Network

Passive Optical
Splitter ONU
Optical Line
Terminal

ONU

PSTN

Passive Optical
Splitter
Internet OLT
ONU

CATV Optical Network Unit

 A PON network is a point to multiple points (P2MP) passive optical

network.
 A PON network consists of the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical
Network Unit (ONU), and Passive Optical Splitter (POS) .

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

 Model of a GPON Network
UNI R/S ODN S/R SNI

ONU/ONT OLT Service node

IFpon WDM WDM IFpon Reference

Referen point V
ce point Optical splitter
T NE
NE

ONU Optical Network Unit

ONT Optical Network Terminal
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OLT Optical Line Terminal
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Module
NE Network Element
SNI Service Node Interface
UNI User Network Interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

 GPON vs EPON
P2MP
GPON EPON
Standard ITU.T IEEE
organization
Rate 2.488G/1.244G 1.25G/1.25G
Split ratio 1:64 - 1:128 1:16 - 1:32
Carried ATM, Ethernet, TDM Ethernet
service
Bandwidth 92% 72%
efficiency
QOS Very good ， Good,
including Ethernet, TDM, ATM only Ethernet
Optical Class A/B/B+/C Px10/Px20
budget
DBA Standard format Self-defined by vendors
Communicat OMCI Not supported
ion with
ONTs
OAM ITU-T G.984 (Strong) Ethernet OAM (Weak,
Extended by vendors)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

Why GPON is
Preferred? < 1 Mbps 3M 8M 25M 100M Bandwidth

Access ADSL/ADSL2+ VDSL / ADSL2+ PON

technolog Copper Based Copper Based Fiber Based
y
Coverage About 20 km
<3 km <2 km <1 km
radius
VoD
Internet Standard definition TV Live TV
Service
requirement Video conference Video conference VoD
Remote control Game HDTV

2002 2003 2006 2010

Time
• GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks)
• Three advantages:
1. Longer transmission distance: Transmission over optical fibers reaches the maximum of 20 km
transmission distance.
2. Higher bandwidth: downstream 2.5 Gbit/s and upstream 1.25 Gbit/s (the PMD layer) for each
subscriber
3. Optical split feature: The single optical fiber from the CO is split to multiple drop optical fibers to
save the resources.
• GPON supports the triple play service. It provides full-service solution to solve the bandwidth
bottleneck of twisted pair access, and to meet the requirement for high-bandwidth services, such as
high definition TV and live show. GPON is the best choice for the triple play service.
• Complete GPON standards and high technology requirements
• Preferred by global big carriers

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

GPON Technology----Data
Multiplexing
 The GPON system uses the WDM technology to implement the bi-
directional transmission over a single fiber (a forced transmission
mode). 1490 nm

1310 nm

 Over a single optical fiber, to separate the Tx and Rx signals of

multiple subscribers, the GPON system uses the following two
multiplexing technologies:
 The downstream data streams use the broadcast technology.
 The upstream data streams use the TDMA technology.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

GPON Technology----
Downstream Data

 Broadcast mode: The length of any downstream GPON frame is fixed to

125 us and the frames are broad cast to all the ONUs. In this way, all
the ONUs can receive the same data. The ONUs differentiate the frames
by ONU ID and filters the frames to receive its own data.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 15

 GPON Technology----
Upstream Data

 TDMA mode: The upstream GPON data is transmitted in the TDMA

mode. The uplink is divided into different time slots, which are allocated
to each ONU according to the upstream bandwidth map field in the
downstream frames. Hence, all ONUs can transmit their own data based
on a specific sequence and no conflict for competing timeslots occurs.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

 Content
s
Chapter 1 Overview of an optical access

network

Chapter 2 Basic PON concepts

Chapter 3 GPON protocols

Chapter 4 Key GPON technology

Chapter 5 GPON physical features

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

 GPON Protocol Stack

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

 GPON Multiplexing (ATM &
GEM)
PVC Port
O T-CONT PVC O T-CONT Port
PVC Port
N N
U T-CONT
PVC U T-CONT
Port
PVC Port

O O
IFpon PVC IFpon Port
N T-CONT N T-CONT
PVC Port
U U

O O
N T-CONT PVC N T-CONT Port

U U

PVCs are GEM-PORTs

ONUs are ONUs are T-CONTs are
T-CONTs are identified identified by are
identified by identified by identified Alloc-
by Alloc-IDs. VPIs/VCIs. identified by
ONU-IDs. ONU-IDs. IDs.
Port-IDs.
(ATM service) (GEM service)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 19

 GPON Framing
Downstream Framing
125us
Physical Control Block
Downstream (PCBd)
Upstream
Payload
ONT 1
Bandwidth Map 1

AllocID Start End AllocID Start End AllocID Start End

1 100 200 x 300 500 y 501 650

xONT 2
OLT
y
T-CONT1 T-CONT x T-CONT y
(ONT 1) (ONT 2) (ONT 2)
Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot
100 200 300 500 501 650

ONT
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu xPayload x DBRu Y Payload y 64

Upstream Framing T-CONT

T-CONT y
x

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 20

 Downstream GPON Framing
Downstream Framing
125us 125us

PCBd Payload PCBd Payload

n n n+1 n+1

Psync Ident PLOAMd BIP Plend Plend US BW Map

4 bytes 4 bytes 13 bytes 1 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes N*8 bytes

Coverage of this BIP Coverage of next BIP

FEC Ind Reserved Super-frame Blen BW Map Alen ATM Partition CRC
1 bit 1 bit Counter 30 bits Length 12 bits Length 12 bits 8 bits

Access 1 Access 2 Access n

…..
ONU ID Message ID Data CRC 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes
1B 1B 10 B 1B

Alloc ID Flags SStart SStop CRC

12 bits 12 bits 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte

Send PLS Send PLOAMn Use FEC Send DBRu Reserved

1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 2 bits 7 bits

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 21

 Upstream GPON Framing
Upstream Framing

PLI Gem Port ID PTI HEC

12bit 12bit 3bit 13bit

DBA CRC GEM Frame GEM Full GEM Frame

1,2,4bytes 1 bytes header fragment header frame header fragment

T-CONT x T-CONT y
T-CONT z

PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu x Payload x DBRu y Payload y PLOu DBRu z Payload z

ONT A ONT B

Preamble Delimiter BIP ONU-ID Ind ONU-ID Msg ID Message CRC

DBA Report Pad if needed
A bytes B bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 10 bytes 1 bytes

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 22

Mapping Mode of Ethernet Service
in GPON
Ethernet
Packet GEM
Frame
PLI 12bits
Inter packet gap
Port ID 12bits 5 bytes
Preamble PTI 3bits
SFD HEC 13bits

DA

SA GEM
Length\Type Payload

MAC client data

FEC
EOF

 The GPON system resolves the Ethernet frames and maps the data part to
the GEM payload for transmission.
 The GEM frame can automatically encapsulate the header information.
 Clear mapping mode, easy implementation, good compatibility

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 23

Mapping Mode of TDM Service
in GPON
TDM GEM
Buffer Frame
PLI
Port ID
Ingress
PTI
buffer
HEC

TDM
TDM data Payload
TDM fragment

 The TDM service is first imported to the buffer to wait in a queue and is
multiplexed to the GEM frame for transmission according to the fixed
number of bytes.
 In this mode, the specific TDM service cannot be sensed, and the service
packets are transparently transmitted.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 24

Basic OMCI Concepts
 ONU Management and Control Interface (OMCI) is a type of

configuration and transmission channel defined in the GPON

standard. A dedicated ATM PVC or GEM port is set up between the
OLT and ONT to transmit the OMCI message, thus to provide a
standard method of obtaining the ONT capability and managing and
controlling the ONT. All the configurations of the ONT are controlled
by the OLT. When an alarm is generated or when the attribute
changes, however, the ONT actively reports a message
 The OMCI channel is established during the registration of the
ONT to the OLT. OMCI is a master-slave management protocol.
That is, the OLT is the master device and the ONT is the slave device.
The OLT controls the multiple ONTs connected to it through the
OMCI channel. The stop-wait mechanism is used for the
message exchange between the OLT and the ONT. The OLT
sends the next message only after receiving the correct
response message. The expiration time for a single OMCI
message is one second.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 25
OMCI Channel Set-up
 During the ONT registration, the ONT automatically sets up the
OMCI TCONT after the OLT allocates the ONUID to the ONT. The
ALLOCID equals ONUID.
 After the ONT registration, the OLT delivers the PLOAM message
for configuring the OMCI GEM Port, and the ONT maps the OMCI
GEM port with the OMCI TCONT after receiving this PLOAM
message.
 Later, the OMCI packet sent by the OLT is delivered to the ONT
through the OMCI GEM Port, and the ONT identifies the OMCI
packet by the GEM Port. The OMCI packet sent by the ONT is also
transmitted through this GEM Port and reaches the OLT through
the upstream bandwidth of the OMCI TCONT.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 26

 Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of an optical access

network

Chapter 2 Basic PON concepts

Chapter 3 GPON protocols

Chapter 4 Key GPON technology

Chapter 5 GPON physical features

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 27

 Key GPON Technology-
Ranging
 OLT uses the ranging procedure to obtain the round trip delay (RTD)
of the ONU and then to specify a proper equalization delay (EqD) to
ensure that the data transmitted by each ONU does not conflict on the
optical splitter.
 During ranging process, a quiet zone is required. In this case, the
upstream transmit channels of other ONUs are suspended. OLT opens a OLT

ranging window (quiet zone) by setting BWmap as null and authorizing ONU1
no timeslot.
20 ONU2

km ONU3
12
ONT
km

OLT
(at the CO)
3 km

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 28

 Key GPON Technology-DBA

 What is DBA ？

 -- DBA, dynamically bandwidth assignment

 -- DBA is a mechanism in which the dynamic allocation of upstream

bandwidth can be implemented in several microseconds or
milliseconds.

 Why DBA is required ？

 - DBA increases the upstream bandwidth usage of a PON port.

 - DBA increases the number of subscribers connected to a PON port.

 - With DBA, subscribers can enjoy services with higher bandwidths,

especially the services whose required bandwidth changes greatly.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 29

 Advantages of DBA in
Bandwidth Utilization and
Average Delay
Increasing the maximum
bandwidth utilization
Without DBA: 40%.
With DBA: 80%.

Reducing the average delay

Without DBA: 100 ms

With DBA: < 10 ms

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 30

 DBA Implementation
OLT ONU
DBA report

DBA logic Control

plane
BW Map

Data
plane

T-CONT

Timeslot T-CONT

ONU
scheduler T-CONT
 The internal DBA module of the OLT continuously collects the DBA reports, performs
related calculations, and delivers the calculation results to each ONU in the format of BW
Map.
 According to the BW Map, each ONU transmits the upstream burst data in its own
timeslot to occupy the upstream bandwidth.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 31
 Two Modes for
Implementing DBA  The OLT delivers BW Map in
 SR (Status Reporting ) - DBA the header of downstream
frames based on the results
D/S Direction that are got in the last
OLT ONT
calculation.
① PCBd US BW
Map
Payload

 According to the allocated

U/S Direction bandwidth, the ONU
② Data Report transmits the data status
report waiting to be
transmitted in the current T-
CONT.

③  After receiving the status

report from the ONU, the
OLT performs the DBA
calculation, update the BW
Map, and delivers the BW
Map in the next frame.

④  The ONU transmits data in

the specified timeslot after
receiving the delivered BW
Map message.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 32
 NSR-DBA Implementation
 Non Status Reporting (NSR) - DBA

It refers to the algorithm in which the cell streams from the NSR-ONU/ONT are
monitored on the OLT.
Procedure:
Step1: Check the number of the cells received by the OLT at the specified
interval.
Step2: Calculate the utilization rate based on the real time monitoring
results that is obtained in Step1.
Step3: Compare the utilization rate with the threshold to recognize the
congestion level.
D

Dj

Di

i j t

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 33

 T-CONT Bandwidth Terms
 Transmission containers (T-CONTs): Dynamically receives the
authorization delivered by the OLT to manage the upstream
bandwidth allocation of the PON system TC layer. This
improves the upstream bandwidth of the PON system.
 T-CONT bandwidth types: FB, AB, NAB,Max and BE
 Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 34

DBA Implementation
 T-CONT Type 1 is characterized by the fixed bandwidth only. The assured bandwidth
equals the maximum bandwidth and has the highest priority.
 T-CONT Type 2 is characterized by Assured bandwidth only. The assured bandwidth
is the provisioned maximum bandwidth. DBA Type 1 and DBA Type 2 do not
participate in the bandwidth competition. If the assured bandwidth exceeds the
maximum bandwidth, the extra will be discarded.
 DBA Type 3 has Assured bandwidth and Non-assured bandwidth. DBA Type 3 will be
allocated bandwidth equivalent to its Assured bandwidth, only when it has cells at a
rate equivalent to Assured bandwidth or more than Assured bandwidth. Non-assured
bandwidth shall be allocated across all T-CONTs with Assured bandwidth that
are requesting additional bandwidth in proportion to the Assured bandwidth
of the individual T-CONTs on the PON, e.g. Weighted Round Robin method.
 T-CONT Type 4 has Best-effort bandwidth only. T-CONT Type 4 shall only use
bandwidth that has not been allocated as Fixed bandwidth, Assured bandwidth or
Non-assured bandwidth to T-CONTs in the PON. Best-effort bandwidth is
allocated to each T-CONT Type 4 equally, e.g. based on the Round Robin
method, up to the Maximum bandwidth.
 T-CONT Type 5 is the super set of all of DBA types. Fixed bandwidth is assigned first.
If Fixed bandwidth is insufficient, check whether the assured bandwidth meets the
requirement. If yes, the assured bandwidth is assigned. If not, the request for the
additional bandwidth is tagged and competes with the DBA 3 tagged bandwidth, eg.
based on the Round Robin method. If additional bandwidth is still requested, Best-
effort bandwidth is assigned up to the Maximum bandwidth.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 35

 Conten
ts
Chapter 1 Overview of an optical access

network

Chapter 2 Basic PON concepts

Chapter 3 GPON protocols

Chapter 4 Key GPON technology

Chapter 5 GPON physical features

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 36

 Optical Power Attenuation
Calculating optical splitter attenuation :

Insertion loss of the optical splitter (<1dB):

∑(Power_input) - ∑(Power_output of all branches)

Input 1:2 optical Output

splitter ∵ 10 log(0.5) = - 3.01
∴
Attenuation of a 1:2 optical
splitter: 3.01 dB
Attenuation of a 1:16 optical
splitter: 12.04 dB
Attenuation of a 1:64 optical
2:N optical splitter: 18.06 dB
splitter

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 37

 Optical Fiber Attenuation and Optical
Power
The optical fiber attenuation varies according to

the lengths of optical fibers. About 0.35 dB per km

for 1310, 1490nm
The attenuation of the optical fiber splicing point

is less than 0.2 dB generally.

Other points such as optical fiber bending may

also cause attenuation. Huawei’s OLT and ONU

28 dB (Class B+)
Table G.984.2 – Classes for optical path loss
Class A Class B Class B ＋ Class C
Minimum 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dB
loss
Maximum 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dB
loss
NOTE – The requirements of a particular class may be more
stringent for one system
type than for another, e.g. the class C attenuation range is
inherently more stringent
for TCM systems due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each
side of the ODN,
each having a loss of about 3 dB.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 38
Technical Specifications of the GPON
port (Class B+)
Items Unit Single fibre

OLT OLT
Mean launched power MIN dBm +1.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm 5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -28
Minimum overload dBm -8

ONU ONU

Mean launched power MIN dBm 0.5

Mean launched power MAX dBm 5

Minimum sensitivity dBm -27

Minimum overload dBm -8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 39

 谢谢
www.huawei.com