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Security Level:
What is PON?
Passive Optical Network
Passive Optical
Splitter ONU
Optical Line Terminal

GPON –Fundamentals ONU

PSTN

Internet OLT Passive Optical

Splitter
ONU

www.huawei.com CATV Optical Network Unit

 PON is a kind of passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point

－－Technical Team from FTTH architecture;
Marketing Department  PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;
 PON consists of Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical Network Unit (ONU) and
Passive Optical Splitter.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential
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Why GPON?
<1Mbps 3M 8M 25M 100M BD

Contents Access
Technology
ADSL/ADSL2+
Copper Based
VDSL / ADSL2+
Copper Based
PON
Fiber Based

Coverage ~5km
<3km <2km <1km
Basic Concepts of PON diameter
VoD
Internet Live TV
Service HDTV VoD
Overview of Optical Access Network
Video conferencing
requirements Game
Remote control HDTV

2002 2003 2006 2010

Analysis of GPON Standards • GPON（Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks） Time

• GPON supports Triple－play service, providing competitive all-service solution.

GPON Key Technologies • GPON supports high-bandwidth transmission to break down the bandwidth
bottleneck of the access over twisted pair cables, so as to satisfy the
GPON Management and Service Provisioning •
requirements of high-bandwidth services, such as IPTV and live TV broadcasts.
GPON supports the long-reach (up to 20 km) service coverage to overcome the
Basic Services over GPON Network obstacle of the access technology over twisted pair cables and reduce the
network nodes.
• With complete standards and high technical requirements, GPON supports
integrated services in a good way.
• GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.

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Concepts

Basic Concepts of PON APON: ATM Passive Optical Networks

EPON: Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
This chapter describes the basic concepts and working principle of
PON network. After reading it, you will have a preliminary understanding GE-PON: Giga-bit Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
on the PON network.
This chapter introduces the basic architecture, upstream and GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks
downstream working principle of the PON network.

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Comparison Between GPON and EPON

GPON Principle----Data Multiplexing
GPON EPON

Standard ITU.T IEEE

GPON adopts Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology, facilitating bi-direction
Rate 2.488G/1.244G 1.25G/1.25G
communication over a single fiber.
Split ration 1:64~1:128 1:16~1:32

Data encapsulation mode GEM/ATM Ethernet

1490nm Broadband efficiency 92% 72%

Line encoding NRZ 8B/10B

Power budget Class A/B/C Px10/Px20

Ranging Equalized logical reach RTT

by adjusting EqD
1310nm
DBA Standard format Defined by vendors
To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single fibre, GPON adopts
TDM support CESoP / Native CESoP
two multiplexing mechanism:
ONT interconnectivity OMCI None
– In downstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a broadcast manner;
OAM powerful Weak, extended by vendors
– In upstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner.
Application mode Multi-service/ FTTx Pure data service

Maturity Large vendors involved Small vendors involved

Choice of carriers Carriers Enterprise Intranet

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GPON Principle----Downstream Data

Overview of Optical Access Network

This chapter describes the architecture of the optical access network.

After reading it, you will have a understanding on the FTTx network.
Besides, this chapter describes various devices applied in the FTTx
network and you can get a knowledge of those devices applied in the
optical access network.

 Broadcast mode

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GPON Principle----Upstream Data Architecture of Optical Access Network

CO Customer
Premise
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
BA DSLAM

ODN Curb

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTC OLT

MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB OLT

ONU
Optical Networks Unit
 TDMA mode FTTH
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
OLT
ONT
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination

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OLT Functional Blocks

Cross
PON Core Shell Service Shell
Connect Shell

PON interface PON TC Service

function function adaptation

Cross
Connection
function

PON interface PON TC Service

function function adaptation

 PON core shell consists of two parts: PON interface function and PON TC function. PON TC
function includes framing, media access control, OAM, DBA, and delineation of Protocol Data
Unit (PDU) for the cross connect function, and ONU management.
The Cross-connect shell provides a communication path between the PON core
shell and the Service shell, as well as cross-connect functionality.
Service Shell provides translation between service interfaces and TC frame
interface of the PON section.

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ONU/ONT Functional Blocks

GPON Network Protection Mode
PON Core Shell Service Shell

 OLT provides two GPON

interfaces. The GPON
Service
ONU#1 interfaces work in 1＋1 adaptation
mode. PON interface PON TC
IFpon  This type is a kind of
function function
IFpon whole-network protection.
1：2 optical splitter 2：N optical splitter Two routes are provided MUX/
OLT between OLT and ONU, DEMUX
ensuring recovery of
various faults, Including PON interface PON TC
IFpon Protected
Whole-network
area of ONUsprotection faults occurring on optical
splitters or the line. function function
IFpon with a single port Service
 It supports using mixed
adaptation
ONUs in the network:
ONUs either with a single
ONU#N PON port or with two
1：2 optical splitter 2：N optical splitter PON ports can be used.
IFpon Users can select them  The functional building blocks of the G-PON ONU are mostly similar to the
based on the actual
needs.
functional building blocks of the OLT. Since the ONU operates with only a single
Type D Mixed backup PON Interface (or maximum 2 interfaces for protection purposes), the cross-
 It is complex to realize it
and not cost-effective. connect function can be omitted. However, instead of this function, service MUX
and DMUX function is specified to handle traffic.

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GPON Multiplexing Architecture GPON Frame Structure

Downstream Framing
OLT ONT 125us
Port
GEM Port GEM Port
O T-CONT Port Physical Control Block
Port T-CONT Downstream (PCBd)
N Upstream
Payload
U T-CONT
Port Bandwidth Map ONT1
Port
T-CONT
AllocID Start End AllocID Start End
O
IFpon Port
N T-CONT
 GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying services.
Port 1 100 200 2 300 500
U  T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a kind of Buffer
that carries services. It is mainly used to transmit
upstream data units. T-CONT is introduced to realize OLT
O the dynamic bandwidth assignment of the upstream
Port bandwidth, so as to enhance the utilization of the line.
N T-CONT
T-CONT1 T-CONT 2
 IF pon: GPON interface.
U  Base on the mapping scheme, service traffic is carried
(ONT 1) (ONT 2)

to different GEM ports and then to different T-CONTs. Slot Slot Slot Slot
Port-ID The mapping between the GEM port and the T-CONT 100 200 300 500
ONU-ID is flexible. A GEM Port can correspond to a T-CONT; or
Alloc-IDs identifies identifies GEM
identifies multiple GEM Ports can correspond to the same T- ONT64
T-CONTs ports
ONUs CONT. PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu Payload x DBRu Y Payload y
 A GPON interface of an ONU contains one or multiple
T-CONTs. Upstream Framing

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GPON Upstream Frame Structure Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPON

Upstream Framing
Ethernet Packet GEM Frame
PLI Port ID PTI HEC
PLI
Inter packet gap
Port ID 5 bytes

GEM Frame GEM Full GEM Frame Preamble PTI

header fragment header frame header fragment SFD CRC

DA
DBA Report Pad if neede d
SA GEM
Length\Type Payload

MAC client data

PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu x Payload x DBRu y Payload y PLOu DBRu z Payload z
FEC
ONT A ONT B EOF
DBA CRC
1,2,4bytes 1 bytes  GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of frames
Preamble Delimiter BIP ONU-ID Ind
ONU ID
Msg ID Message CRC into the GEM Payload.
A bytes B bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 10 bytes 1 bytes
 GEM frames automatically encapsulate header information.
 Mapping format is clear and it is easy for devices to support this mapping. It also
boasts good compatibility.

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GPON Downstream Frame Structure

Downstream Framing
125us

PCBd Payload PCBd Payload

n n n+1 n
GPON Key Technologies
Psync Ident Reserved BIP Plend Plend US BW Map
4 bytes 4 bytes 13 bytes 1 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes N*8 bytes

Coverage of this BIP Coverage of next BIP This chapter describes GPON key technologies. After reading it,
FEC Ind Reserved Super-frame Blen BW Map Alen ATM Partition CRC
you will have a understanding on key technologies of GPON, such as
1 bit 1 bit Counter 30 bits Length 12 bits Length 12 bits 8 bits ranging, equalization delay (EqD), dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA),
QoS and optical power.
Access 1 Access 2 Access n
…..
8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes

Alloc ID Flags SStart SStop CRC

12 bits 12 bits 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte

Send PLS Send PLOAMn Use FEC Send DBRu Reserved

1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 2 bits 7 bits

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Mapping of TDM Service in GPON GPON Key Technologies----

Burst Optical/Electric Technology
Continuous transmitting units Burst transmitting units
0# ONU 0# ONU
TDM Buffer GEM Frame
PLI 1# ONU
1# ONU
Ingress buffer Port ID
PTI
0# ONT
HEC 0# ONT
 Fast-enable and disable ability
TDM  Split ratio (>10dB)
TDM data Payload Signals arrive at OLT and
Data recovered Signals sent from ONT/ONU
TDM fragment threshold is specified

Continuous transmitting units

0# ONU
Non- fast AGC receiving

 TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed Burst receiving units 1# ONU
in to fixed-length GEM frames for transmission. 0# ONT
 This scheme does not vary TDM services but transmit TDM services transparently.
 Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services . Fast AGC receiving Threshold line

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GPON Key Technologies----Ranging T-CONT Bandwidth Terms

 OLT obtains the Round Trip Delay (RTD) through ranging process, then specifies  Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receive grants delivered by
suitable Equalization Delay (EqD) so as to avoid occurrence of collision on optical
OLT. T-CONTs are used for the management of upstream bandwidth allocation
splitters.
in the PON section of the Transmission Convergence layer. T-CONTs are
 To acquire the serial number and ranging, OLT needs open a window, that is, Quiet
Zone, and pauses upstream transmitting channels on other ONUs. primarily used to improve the upstream bandwidth use on the PON.
OLT  T-CONT type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE.
ONU1  Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.
Start of D/S Frame

'Zero Distance' EqD Sstart

Assigned EqD
ONU2
Pre-Assigned
EqD

OLT ONU3
Actual R ec eption

Desired Start of
of S/N Resons e

Desired Reception
of SN Response
U/S Frame

ONU
Pre-Ass igned
Response
EqD Ss tart
Time
ONU in
Ranging
T ransmission of S/N Respons e
for Pre-ranged ONU
Rec eption of D/S Frame

Start of U/S Fram e

state
U/S BW Map
containing
Ranging Request

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Relationship Between T-CONT Type and Bandwidth

DBA Type

What is DBA?
--- DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
--- DBA is a scheme facilitating dynamic bandwidth assignment at an interval of ns and us.

Why DBA?
--- It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.
--- More users can be added on a PON port.
--- Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those requiring comparatively
greater change in terms of the bandwidth.

 Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and services of
higher priorities, such as voice services.
 Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services and data
services of higher priorities.
 Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and services of
lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
 Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.

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SLA: Service－Level Agreement

DBA Working Principle BW: Bandwidth
DBA Operation Modes on ONU
Maximum: maximum bandwidth
Guaranteed: guaranteed bandwidth
Minimum: minimum bandwidth

（a）There are four T-CONT types on ONUs （b）There is only Type5 T-CONT on ONUs

 Based on T-CONT types, there are two modes in DBA operations.

 Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth.
 In mode (a), services are mapped into different T-CONT queues, and then ONU schedules and outputs the data
 The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video waiting in queues based on the OLT grants.
service and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.  In mode (b), all services are mapped into type5 queues, and type5 contains four types of sub-queues. Then,
 OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority ONU ONU schedules and outputs the data waiting in queues based on the OLT grants.
enjoy higher bandwidth.

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DBA Operation Process QoS Mechanism of ONU in GPON

OLT ONU
DBA report Traffic-flow Service
VOIP
Scheduling differentia
DBA algorithm VOD GPON
DATA And buffer based on
logic Control
control 802.1p
platform TDM

BW Map

Service traffic based on

Data OLT GEM Port-id
platform Splitter
T-CONT Traffic-flow Service
VOIP
Scheduling differentia
VOD
GPON based on
DATA And buffer
Time slot T-CONT
TDM control 802.1p

Sche duler
T-CONT
 Traffic classification of services based on LAN/802.1p.
 Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted Round Robin
 DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the algorithm result in the
(WRR) algorithms.
form of BW Map to ONUs .
 Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs, enhancing line utilization
 Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to themselves and utilizes
and reliability.
the upstream bandwidth.

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Two DBA Operation Modes QoS Mechanism of OLT in GPON

 SR(Status Reporting )-DBA

OLT
D/S Direction ONT 802.1p
① PCBd US BW
Payload
Ethernet
Map  Based on the algorithm result of COS
VOIP
bridging
BW
last time, OLT delivers BTV
GE/10GE Queuing &
U/S Direction Maps in the header of DATA Non-
scheduling GPON
② Data Report downstream frames. BSR TDM blocking
switching DBA GPON
 Based on the bandwidth allocation
information, ONU sends the status OLT
report of data currently waiting in Upstream service
③ T-CONTs in the specified time slots. traffic based on
different VLANs
 OLT receives the status report TDM Gateway
from the ONU, updates BW Map
PSTN
through DBA algorithm and the
delivers the new BW Map in the
 Traffic classification based on VLAN/802.1p.
next frame.
 Service scheduling based on combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted
Round Robin (WRR) algorithms.
④  ONU receives the BW Map from
 DBA algorithm, enhancing uplink bandwidth utilization.
the OLT and sends data in the
specified time slots.  Access control list (ACL)-based access control on layers above layer-2.

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NSR-DBA Operation AES Encryption in GPON

 NSR (Non Status Reporting)-DBA
1 1 1 End User
ONT
NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the bandwidth 1
allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs. Decryption
Procedure:
1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 End User
Step1: Monitor the number of cells received by OLT within the specified OLT ONT 2
2
interval. Decryption
Encryption
Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the
utilization rate.
3 3 End User
Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization rate AES: Advanced Encrypt System ONT
3
with the specified limits. A globally-used encryption algorithm Decryption
D

Dj
 OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption.
Di  GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption.
 In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted.
 GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
i j t of the line.

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FEC Parameters of GPON Interfaces (Class B+)

9720 TSs

Short
Codeword Codeword Codeword Codeword Codeword Codeword
codeword
Items Unit Single fibre
Data Data
Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity
PCBd Data bytes Data bytes Data bytes Data bytes Data bytes
bytes bytes OLT: OLT

Data bytes of Data bytes of Data bytes of Data bytes of Data bytes of Data bytes of •Mean launched power MIN dBm +1.5
codeword #1 codeword #2 codeword #3 codeword #4 codeword #5 codeword #6
•Mean launched power MAX dBm 5

•Minimum sensitivity dBm -28

PCBd Payload (Data bytes)
•Minimum overload dBm -8

•Downstream optical penalty dB 0.5

ONU: ONU
9108 TSs
•Mean launched power MIN dBm 0.5

•Mean launched power MAX dBm 5

 FEC is Forward Error Correction.
 It is a algorithm based on Reed-Solomon, a Block based code. FEC code comprises fixed- •Minimum sensitivity dBm -27
length data block and redundancy bits.
•Minimum overload dBm -8
 Applying FEC algorithm on the transmission layer, GPON will drop the error bit rate of the
line transmission to 10-15, and avoid retransmission of data. •Upstream optical penalty dB 0.5
 GPON supports FEC in the downstream direction.
 Processing of PCBd and Payload improves the transmission quality.

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Optical Power Attenuation

 Power attenuation calculation of Optical splitter

 Input attenuation of optical splitter(<1dB):

GPON Management and Service Provisioning
∑(Power_input) - ∑(Power_output of all branch)

This chapter describes GPON management and service provisioning.

Input 1:2 optical Output ∵ 10 log(0.5) = - 3.01 After reading it, you will have a understanding on OMCI
∴
splitter Attenuation of 1:2 splitter: 3.01 dB (the management and maintenance message type) and ONT service
Attenuation of 1:16 splitter: 12.04 dB implementation.
Attenuation of 1:64 splitter :18.06 dB

Output
Input

2:N optical
splitter

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Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget Basic Message Types in GPON Management
OAM message at the physical layer falls into three types: embedded
 Fibre attenuation relates to the fibre length OAM, PLOAM and OMCI .
 The attenuation of fibre splicing point is About 0.35 dB per km
 The embedded OAM and PLOAM channels manage the functions of
generally less than 0.2dB for 1310,1490nm
the PMD and the GTC layers. The OMCI provides a uniform system of
 Other factors may cause attenuation, such
managing higher (service defining) layers.
as fibre bending
 The embedded OAM channel is provided by field-formatted
Huawei’s OLT and ONU information (such as BW Map，DBRu) in the header of the GTC frame.
28 dB (Class B+)
Table G.984.2 – Classes for optical path loss The functions that use this channel include: bandwidth granting, Dynamic

Class A Class B Class B＋ Class C Bandwidth Assignment signalling and so on.

 The OMCI channel is used to manage the service defining layers that
Minimum loss 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dB

Maximum loss 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dB lay above the GTC.

NOTE – The requirements of a particular class may be more stringent for one
system type than for another, e.g. the class C attenuation range is inherently
more stringent for TCM systems due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at
each side of the ODN, each having a loss of about 3 dB.

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GPON System Management Mode

iManager N2000 BMS ACS

Basic Services over GPON Network
Client

SNMP
TR069

OMCI This chapter describes basic services provided by GPON

ONT OLT BRAS System, such as Triple-play, TDM and RF overlay services.

 ONT Plug and Play

 Zero configuration
 ONT Centered Management
 ONT remote diagnosis
 Remote ONT maintenance and management through OMCI
 Auto configuration and management on ONT through TR069
 ONT Auto Service Provisioning

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GPON Service Provisioning and Zero

Configuration on Terminals Triple Play Solution in GPON
Carriers’ nightmare
Flexible Configuration plan of GPON
Initial configurations (such as service system information
configuration, data configuration) are required on GPON supports zero configuration on BB service platform
terminals and then they can be put into use. To finish terminals and plug-and-play of terminals,
PC TL1/CORBA VoD Server
these configurations, it is not cost-effective to carriers. which is cost-effective.
/API Notification
Middle
Application scenario ware
IPTV SFU Carrier’s OSS
NMS
1 Subscribe for services

Phone
CRM Order Management Service Provisioning Billing

Ethernet Intern
2 Configure service network
MDU IP Core et
CPE
MSE
Splitter OLT
NMS 2000
PC
SBU BRAS
3 Send terminals to users Phone AAA Server
1 Finish the auto-configuration of OLT Softswitch

CBU
Access Network Base station
Use OMCI to finishing data FE
configuration on ONT 3 E1
IP
2
STB ONT ONT Voice
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number ONT
User ONT
CPE ODN NSP ASP/ISP

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VOIP Service Management Solution in GPON TDM Service Solution in GPON

Description Basic operation and maintenance process
Terminal activation

Daily management
Service provisioning

Maintenance personnel use activation code generator to generate

terminal activation code (including IADMS IP, PPPoE user name PBX
and password). Users input activation code on terminals, CESoP mode
terminals register on IADMS upon power-up and the IADMS  With fixed
makes auto-configuration on terminals. E1/T1 Native mode upstream/downstream
frame structure, periodic
Process and Networking
multiframes are
ONT transmitted in GPON
1
Subscribe for services ODN
line. So, GPON can
Order Management PSTN transmit TDM service with
CRM Service Provisioning Billing
first-born advantage.
BUSINESS

Splitter OLT
E1/T1 LE OLT supports processing TDM
Generating
4 activation code service in Native and CESoP
UMS ONT
ONT
modes.
CO
3 Configure IADMS 2 Configure SoftX
Activation code generator
 With guaranteed QoS, GPON ensures the parameter
IADMS
FE indexes of TDM service, such as end-to-end delay,
5 Jitter and error bit rate.
E1/T1
Send activation code and terminal to users 7
Configure terminals automaticallythroughTR069
PBX
Access Network SoftX3000  GPON supports effective isolation and higher-priority
processing of TDAM service.
6 Input activation code
ONT ONT
User Phone Phone Phone Phone

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RF Overlay Service Solution in GPON

Video
EDFA
（Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier） 1550nm

Central Voice/Data
Customer

Office Downstream Premises

Voice/Data& Video
1490nm
1490/1310nm，1550nm
Optical
OLT ONU
Couplers (Optical Network Terminal)
(Optical Line Terminal)
（WDM）

Upstream 1490nm Optical Splitter

Video IP
Upstream Downstream （RF）
1310nm 1490nm 1550nm
Voice and Data Voice and Data
Video
@1250Mbps @2500Mbps

42Mhz 550Mhz 860Mhz

Analog TV Digital TV HD/VOD

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 55

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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