GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE-BHUJ

 TOPIC: DIMENSIONS ANAYLYSIS AND SIMILITUDE

 SUB: FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC
 SUB CODE: (3140611)

GUIDE BY : PROF. K.B.PATEL SIR

 PREPARED BY:

NAME:
SUMANIYA VATSAL. (230153106046)
TANK DEV (230153106048)
VANIYA PRIYANSH (230153106049)
VIJODA RAHUL (230153106050)
DIMENSIONAL AND MODEL ANALYSIS
 Dimensional analysis is a method
of dimensions.

 It is a mathematical technique used in

work for designs and for conducting model
tests.
DIMENSIONAL AND MODEL ANALYSIS
 It deals with the dimensions of physical
quantities.

 Length L, mass M and time T are three fixed

dimensions which are of importance in fluid
mechanics. These are also called as
fundamental dimensions or fixed quantities
SECONDARY OR DERIVED QUANTITIES
 Secondary or derived are
quantities quantities which those
possess
fundamental more
dimension. than
one
 For example, velocity is denoted by distance
per unit time(L/T),density by mass per
volume(M/L3) and acceleration by distance
per second square(L/T2).
 Then velocity, density and acceleration
become as secondary or derived quantities.
SECONDARY OR DERIVED QUANTITIES
 The expressions (L/T), and(L/T2)
(M/L3) dimensions of
called are
velocity,
acceleration respectively . density
and
 DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
 Dimensional homogeneity means dimensions of
each terms in an equation on both sides are
same.
 Thus if the dimensions of each term on both side
of an equation are the same the equation is
known as dimensionally homogeneous equation.
 The powers of fundamental dimensions(i.e.
L,M,T) on both sides of the equation will be
identical for a dimensionally homogeneous
equations.
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 If the number of variable involved in a
physical phenomenon are known, then the
relation between the variables can be
determined by the following two methods.

• Rayleigh’s method
• Buckingham’s π-theorem
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Rayleigh’s method
 This method is for determining the
used
expression for a which depends
variable
upon maximum three or four variables only.
 If the number of independent
becomes more than four, then it is very
variables
difficult to find the expression the
for
dependent variables.
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Buckingham’s π-theorem
 The rayleigh’s method of dimensional
analysis become more laborious
if the than variables
more are dimensions
the fundamentals
(M,L,T
) difficulty is overcome by using
 Buckingham’s
This π-theorem
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 It states that “If there are n variables
(independent and dependent variables) in a
physical phenomenon, and these variables
contains m fundamentals dimensions (M,L,T),
then variables are arranged in to (n-m)
dimensionless term. Each term is called π-
term”.
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 Let X1, X2, X3….Xn are the variables involved in
a physical problem.
 Let X1 be the dependent variable and X2,X3,
….Xn are the independent variables on which
X1 depends.
 Then X1 is a function of X2,X3,…..Xn and
mathematically is expressed as
X1= f(X2,X3,….,Xn)………..(1)
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 Equation (1) can also be written
as f1(X1,X2,X3,….Xn)=0 ………..(2)
Equation (2) is a dimensionally homogeneous
equation. It contains n variables.
If there are m fundamentals dimensions then
according to Buckingham’s π-theorem,
equation (2) can be written in terms of
number of dimensionless group or π-terms in
which number of π-terms is equal to (n-m).
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 Equation (2) becomes as
f(π1, π2, π3… πn-m)= 0. ………(3)
 Each of π- terms is dimensionless and is a
independent of the system.
 Division or multiplication by constant does
not change the character of π-term.
 Each π-term contains m+1 variables where
m is the number of fundamental dimensions
and is also called as repeating variables.
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 Let in above X 2, X3, and X4
equation variables if
repeating are the
dimension m (M,L,T) = 3. Then each π-term is
fundamentals
written as
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 Each equation is solved by the principle
of dimensional homogeneity and value
of a1,b2,c1..etc. are obtained.
 These values are substituted in above
equation and value of π1, π2,… πn-m are
obtained.
 These values of π’ s are substituted
in equation (3).
METHODS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 The final equation for the phenomenon is
obtained by expressing by any of the π-terms
as a function of the others as

π1 = φ[π2, π3,… πn-m]

or π2= φ1[π1,π3,…. πn-
m ]
METHODS OF SELECTING REPEATING
VARIABLES
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM
BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
 MODEL ANALYSIS
 For predicting the performance of the
hydraulic structures (such as dams, spillway
etc.) or hydraulic machines (such as turbines,
pumps etc.), before actually constructing or
manufacturing, models of the structures or
machines are made and tests are performed
on them to obtain the design information.
 MODEL ANALYSIS
MODEL
 The model is the small scale replica of
the actual structure or machines.
PROTOTYPE
 The actual structure or machines is called
as prototype.
 MODEL ANALYSIS
 It is not necessary that the models should be
smaller than the prototype (though in most of
cases it is), they may be larger than the
prototype.
 The study of models of actual machines is
called Model analysis.
 Model analysis is actually an experimental
method of finding solutions of complex flow
problems
 ADVANTAGES OF THE DIMENSIONAL AND
MODEL ANALYSIS
 The performance of the hydraulic structure or
hydraulic machines can be easily predicted in
advance, from its model.
 A relationship the variable
between a flow problem in terms of
influencing
dimensionless parameters is obtained. This
relationship helps in conducting tests on
models.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE DIMENSIONAL
AND MODEL ANALYSIS
 The merits of alternative designs can be
predicted with the help of model testing.

 The tests performed on the models can be

utilized for obtaining, in advance, useful
information about performance of the
prototype only if complete similarity exists
between the model and the prototype.
SIMILITUDE-TYPES OF SIMILARITIES
SIMILITUDE-TYPES OF SIMILARITIES
SIMILITUDE-TYPES OF SIMILARITIES
SIMILITUDE-TYPES OF SIMILARITIES
SIMILITUDE-TYPES OF SIMILARITIES
TYPES OF FORCES ACTING IN MOVING
FLUID
TYPES OF FORCES ACTING IN MOVING
FLUID
 DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
 Dimensionless numbers are those numbers
which are obtained by dividing inertia force to
viscous force or gravity force or pressure force
or surface tension force or elastic force.
 As this are ratio of one force to the other
force, it will be a dimensionless number.
 This dimensionless number are also called
non-dimensional parameters.
 DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
Following are of the dimensionless
some numbers
1. Reynolds's number
2. Froude’s number
3. Euler’s number
4. Weber’s number
5. Mach’s number
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
 MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
 For dynamic similarity between the model and
the prototype the ratio of corresponding forces
acting at the corresponding points in the model
and the prototype should be equal.
 The following are the model laws,
1. Reynolds's Law
2. Froude Law
3. Euler Law
4. Weber Law
5. Mach Law
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
MODELS LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS