BAB 1.

KONSEP DASAR

 1.1 Daya Listrik pada

Rangkaian 1 Fasa
 1.2 Rangkaian Tiga Fasa
 1.3 Daya Listrik pada
Rangkaian 3 Fasa
BAB 1. 1
 Daya Listrik pada Rangkaian 1
Fasa

Real (Active) and Reactive

Power Real (Active) and
Reactive Loads Power
Triangle
Real (Active) and Reactive
Power Flow
Sine Wave Basics (Review)
 RMS – a method for computing the effective value of a time-
varying e-m wave, equivalent to the energy under the area of the
voltage waveform.
Real, Reactive and Apparent Power
in AC Circuits
 in DC circuits: P=VI but…= in AC circuits:
average power supplied to the load will be
affected by the phase angle  between the
voltage and the current.
 If load is inductive the phase angle (also
called impedance angle) is positive; (i.e,
phase angle of current will lag the phase
angle of the voltage) and the load will
consume both real and positive reactive
power
 If the load is capacitive the impedance
angle will be negative (the phase angle of
Resistive and Reactive Loads
Impedance Angle, Current Angle &
Power
 Inductive loads  positive
impedance angle current angle lags
voltage angle
 Capacitive loads  negative
impedance angle current angle leads
voltage angle

 Both types of loads consume real

power
 One (inductive) consumes reactive as
Tegangan, Arus dan Daya

 First
term is average or Real power (P)
 Second term is power transferred back
and forth between source and load
(Reactive power Q)
More equations
 Real term averages to P = VI cos
(+)
 Reactive term Q = VI sin (+ for
inductive load,
- for capacitive load)
 Reactive power is the power that is first stored and then
released
in the magnetic field of an inductor or in the electric field
of a capacitor
Tegangan, Arus dan Daya sbg Fungsi
Waktu
Tegangan, Arus (sefasa) dan Daya
sbg Fungsi Waktu
Tegangan, Arus (lag 90°) dan Daya
sbg Fungsi Waktu
Loads with Constant Impedance
 V = IZ
Substituting…
 P = I2Z cos 
 Q = I2Z sin 
 S= I2Z
 Since… Z = R + jX = Z cos 
+ jZ sin 
 P = I 2R and Q = I2X
Review V, I, Z
 Ifload is inductive then the Phase
Angle (Impedance Angle Z  ) is
positive, If phase angle is positive, the
phase angle of the current flowing
through the load will lag the voltage
phase angle across the load by the
impedance angle Z  .
 V0°
 S = P + jQ 
 S = VI cos + j VI
sin I-
Rangk. Induktif
S = VI (cos + j
sin)
 S = VI ej
 S = VI
I = I- dan V P
= V0o) Cos  S

S = VI*
Complex Power and Key
Relationship of Phase Angle to
V&I
 S = P + jQ
 S = VI* (complex conjugate
operator)
 If V = V 30o and I = I 15o
THEN….. COMPLEX POWER SUPPLIED
TO LOAD = S = (V30o)(I-15o) =
VI (30o-15o )
= VI cos(15o ) + jVI sin(15o )
 NOTE: Since Phase Angle  =   v -
The Power Triangle
 Aliran Daya Aktif
I  I 

Icos
V 
V
V0

I
BILA Icos SEPHASE DENGAN V , BERARTI
DAYA LISTRIK DIBANGKITKAN (SUMBER
ADALAH GENERATOR) DAN MENGALIR MENUJU
SISTEM (ARUS KELUAR DARI TERMINAL
POSITIP)
P = Re (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA POSITIP.
 I  I 

Icos
V  V0 V

I

BILA Icos MEMPUNYAI BEDA PHASE 180°

TERHADAP V , BERARTI DAYA LISTRIK DISERAP
(SUMBER ADALAH MOTOR), DAN ARUS MENUJU
TERMINAL POSITIP DARI SUMBER.

P = Re (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA NEGATIP.

 I  I 90
 V
V XL 90
V0 I

DAYA REAKTIF SEBESAR I2 XL (DENGAN TANDA

POSITIP) DIBERIKAN PADA INDUKTANSI ATAU
INDUKTANSI MENYERAP DAYA REAKTIF.
ARUS I TERBELAKANG (LAGGING) 90°
TERHADAP V

Q = Im (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA

POSITIF
 I  I 
I
90
V V
V0

DAYA REAKTIF SEBESAR I2 XC (DENGAN TANDA

NEGATIF) DIBERIKAN PADA KAPASITOR ATAU
SUMBER MENERIMA DAYA REAKTIF DARI
KAPASITOR.
ARUS I MENDAHULUI (LEADING) 90°
TERHADAPV

Q = Im (VI*) MEMPUNYAI TANDA NEGATIF.

V = 120 0o V
 Z = 20 -30o 

 Calculatecurrent I, Power Factor (is it

leading or lagging), real, reactive,
apparent and complex power supplied
to the load
BAB
1.2
 Rangkaian Tiga Fasa

(3- ) What are

they?
Benefits of 3-
Systems
Wye (Y) and delta
( ) connections
One line diagram (of a balanced
 A 3- circuit is a 3- AC-
generation system serving a 3- AC
load
 3 - 1- AC generators with equal
voltage but phase angle differing
from the others by 120o
SISTEM TEGANGAN TIGA FASA
YANG SEIMBANG TERDIRI DARI
TEGANGAN SATU FASA YANG
MEMPUNYAI MAGNITUDE DAN
FREKWENSI YANG SAMA TETAPI
ANTARA SATU DENGAN LAINNYA
MEMPUNYAI BEDA FASA SEBESAR 120°.
Tegangan & Arus 3 Fasa
 Balanced
Same
amplitude
120° phase
diff.
 Phase shift
ia lags ua
angle 
 Phase
sequence
abc
 Urutan Fasa abc
 Seimbang: Ia+ Ib+ Ic=0
 No return current a
• Losses reduced
c
• No return conductor

b
Benefits of 3- circuits
 GENERATION SIDE:
 More power out
 Constant power out (vs. pulsating
sinusoidal)
 ………

 LOAD SIDE:
 Induction Motors (no starters
required)
 A 3- circuit can have the negative
ends of the 3- generators connected
to the negative ends of the 3- AC
loads and one common neutral wire
can complete the system
 If the three loads are equal (or
balanced) what will the return current
be in the common neutral?
 the return current can be calculated
to be…
 ZERO!
 Neutral is actually unnecessary in a
balanced three-phase system (but is
provided since circumstances may
change)
 Hubungan Y

n : TITIK NETRAL

Vab=Vbc=Vca = VL : TEGANGAN ANTAR

FASA
Van=Vbn=Vcn = Vp : TEGANGAN FASA
Hubungan Arus dan Tegangan
 Bila IL adalah Arus Saluran dan Ip adalah
Arus Fasa, maka berlaku :
 IL = Ip
 VL = √3 Vp
 Dimana VL, Vp, IL , Ip adalah harga efektif

dari tegangan dan arus

Diagram Fasor (Hub. Y)
Vcn  Vp 120o

Vab

30o

Van  Vp 0o

V  V 120 o
bn p

Sumber = Beban
Hubungan ∆

TITIK NETRAL tidak ada

Iab=Ibc=Ica = Ip : ARUS FASA

Ia=Ib=Ic = IL : ARUS SALURAN
Hubungan Arus dan Tegangan
 BilaVL adalah Tegangan Antar Fasa dan
Vpadalah Tegangan Fasa, maka berlaku :
 VL = Vp
 IL = √3 Ip
 Dimana VL, Vp, IL , Ip adalah harga
efektif dari tegangan dan arus
Diagram Fasor (Hub. ∆)
o
I  I 120o
Ica  I p ca p

120 Ib
I ab  Ip 0o
30o
30o
I ab  Ip 0o

I bc  Ip 120 o Ia
I bc  Ip 120 o

Sumber ≠ Beban
 since all phases are the same
(except for phase angle) and loads are
typically balanced only one of the
phases is usually shown on an
electrical diagram… it is called a one-
line diagram
 Typically include all major components
of the system (generators,
transformers, transmission lines, loads,
other [regulators, swithes])
Daya pada Rangkaian 3 Fasa
=uiR

=uiL
Daya 3 Fasa
 ptotal(t)= pa(t)+ pb(t)+ pc(t)
 Daya 3 fasa = Jumlah Daya tiap-
tiap Fasa
 ptotal(t)=constant
If voltages and currents
balanced cos need not be
zero
Constant ptotal(t) =>
constant torque
Untuk Sistem 3 fasa seimbang
P3  3V p I
φp adalah sudut antara
p Cos  p Arus Fasa (Lagging) dan
Q3  3V p I p Tegangan Fasa

Sin p
V p  VL ; Ip  Hubungan Y
L
I
3

V p  VL ; I p  IL Hubungan ∆
3
Rumus Daya 3 Fasa

P3  3VL I L Cos  p Watt


3VL IL Sin Var

Q3  p

S  P 
 2
VA
Q 2