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The document outlines the importance of English language skills in law, focusing on communication processes and models. It discusses various communication models, including Lasswell's and Aristotle's, emphasizing the roles of ethos, pathos, and logos in effective communication. Additionally, it highlights the significance of feedback in the transactional model of communication for interpersonal interactions.

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Sajad Hussain
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16 views29 pages

16th November 2022-1

The document outlines the importance of English language skills in law, focusing on communication processes and models. It discusses various communication models, including Lasswell's and Aristotle's, emphasizing the roles of ethos, pathos, and logos in effective communication. Additionally, it highlights the significance of feedback in the transactional model of communication for interpersonal interactions.

Uploaded by

Sajad Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Technical Writing

and Presentation
Skills
English III
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, University of Law

Teacher: Ms Sanober Shah Rizvi

16th November 2022


What do you know
about English
language?

What is the role Why is it essential


of English to learn and
language in Law? write?

What is the
What are the
historical
functions of
background of
Language?
English language?
What does it mean
by the term Lingua
Franca?
Oral Presentation skills

Elements to
Modals of
Verbal Non-Verbal Deliver a Good
Communication
Presentation
1:
Communication
• The root of the word
“communication” in Latin
is communicare, which means
to share, or to make common
(Weekley, 1967).
• Communication is defined as
the process of understanding
and sharing meaning (Pearson
& Nelson, 2000).
Keys
1. Process: A process is a dynamic activity that is
hard to describe because it changes. (Pearson &
Nelson, 2000)
2. Understanding: To understand is to perceive, to
interpret, and to relate our perception and
interpretation to what we already know.
(McLean, 2003)
3. Sharing: occurs when you convey thoughts,
feelings, ideas, or insights to others.
4. Meaning: Semantics and Pragmatics
1.2 Eight Essential Components of
Communication

Source Message Channel Receiver

Feedback Environment Context Interference


Describe the context of the picture
Modals of Communication
Models 1: Linear Communication Model

• Lasswell’s Model
• Aristotle’s Model
• Berlo’s SMCR Model

2: Transactional Model

• Barlund’ Model
• Shannon & Weaver Model

3: Interactive Model

• Schramm’s Model
• White’s Model
• Sender: is the person who sends a message
after encoding.
• Encoding: is the process of converting the
message into codes compatible with the
channel and understandable for the receiver.
Components
• Decoding: is the process of changing the
of Linear encoded message into understandable language
Communicat by the receiver.
ion • Message: is the information sent by the sender
to the receiver.
• Channel: medium to send a message.
• Noise: is the disruptions that are caused in the
channel.
• Introduction: Harold Dwight Lasswell an American
political scientist born in Donnellson,
Illinois, USA on February 13th, 1902.
Lasswell’s • Area: Propaganda Technique in the World
Communicati War (1927) in which he defined the
technique of influencing human action by
on Model manipulation of representation…. which
can be spoken, written, pictorial or
musical.
• Interest: The use propaganda
communication through the media during
the Second World War.
• Model: The Structure and Function of
Communication in Society.
The Structure and Function of
Communication in Society

• In 1948, he stated that ‘A convenient way to


describe an act of communication is to answer
the following questions or what is referred to as
the “Principle of 5Ws”:
• who?
• Says what?
• In which channel?
• To whom?
• With what effect?
• CNN News: The Tokyo Electric Power
Company Operator announced that a water
leak from Japan’s tsunami crippled nuclear
power station resulted in about 100 times
the permitted level of radio-active material
Example flowing into the sea.
• Who: The Tokyo Electric Power Company
Operator
• What: Radio-active material flowing into the
sea
• Channel: CNN News (TV medium)
• Whom: Public
• Effect: To alert people of Japan from
radiation
His Five Elements
• Representing his model and the areas of
research that investigate each of them:
• “Who” refers to the research area called
“Control Analysis”.
• “Says what” refers to “Content Analysis”
• “In which channel” refers to “Media Analysis”
• “To whom” refers to “Audience Analysis”
• “With what effect” refers to “Effect Analysis”
Advantages
• It is useful, easy and simple.
• It suits for almost all types of communication.
• Although Lasswell’s model was intended to deal
with mass communication, it is suitable and
useful for different categories of communication
including “Interpersonal Communication” that is
everyday communication/interaction with
family, friends, etc.
• The concept of effect.
• The model supposes that messages always
have effects.
• The model is linear and unidirectional.
• It represents a one-way flow of communication.
• It does not mention the element of feedback.
• To find out what kind of impact a communication
has, feedback is needed yet this is not shown in
Lasswell’s model.

Weaknesse • While the communicator is central in the process


of communication, the audience members are
passive receivers of messages.
s • The model assumes that the intention of the
communication is to influence the receiver since
for Lasswell the primary function of
communication is influence and persuasion.
• The model exaggerates and puts much emphasis
on the effects of mass communication.
• This explains the model’s propaganda usage in
political communication.
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
Triangle of
Reference
by
Aristotle’s
Model
Ethos

A doctor’s ethos is the


Ethos is about the writer or
result of years of study and
speaker’s credibility and
training. Due to his
degree of authority,
qualifications, a doctor’s
especially in relation to the
words involve a significant
subject at hand.
degree of authority.
Tips for building ethos
in communication:
• Use words that suit the target group
• Keep communication professional
• Conduct research before words are presented
as facts
• Use recommendations from qualified experts
• Make logical connections and avoid fallacies
Pathos
• The literal translation of pathos is emotion. In
the rhetoric, pathos refers to the audience and
the way in which they react to the speaker’s
message, the center in the Aristotle Model of
Communication.
• The idea behind pathos is that the audience
must feel that they are communicated with.
Tips for effectively
addressing emotions:
• People’s involvement is stimulated by humour.
Always keep different types of humour in mind,
though
• Use images or other visual materials to evoke
strong emotions
• Pay attention to the intonation and tempo of
one’s voice in order to elicit enthusiasm or
anxiety
Logos
• The direct translation of logos is logic, but in
rhetoric it more broadly refers to the speaker’s
message and more specifically the facts,
statements, and other elements that comprise
the argument.
• According to the Aristotle model of
communication, logos is the most important
part of one’s argument.
• For this reason, it is crucial that sales talks
always emphasise this element.
• The appeal to logic also means that paragraphs
and arguments must be properly ordered.
What is the context? What
conditions are relevant?

Analysis: What are the potential counter-


arguments?
Ask Is there any evidence that supports
Yourself my argument? Always mention this

Do I correctly avoid generalisations


and am I being specific enough?
Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1948)
• Factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more efficient.
• Focuses on encoding and decoding.
Transactional Modal
of Communication
• The transaction model of communication
describes communication as a process in
which communicators generate social
realities within social, relational, and
cultural contexts.
• We communicate to create relationships,
form intercultural alliances, shape our
self-concepts, and engage with others in
dialogue to create communities.
Transactional Modal of Communication
• Without verbal response, the sender can
not be sure that the receiver got the
message as intended.
• Feedback is an important component in the
communication process, especially in
interpersonal communication as it gives a
Criticism space to clarify misunderstandings.
• The transactional model gives the
opportunity for a lot of noise because the
communication is simultaneous.
• For example, when many people are talking
at the same time in a meeting, the objective
of the meeting will not be fulfilled.

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