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Report - Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

AM ADM

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Report - Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

AM ADM

Uploaded by

Arafat Hossain
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Experiment No.

02
Familiarization with Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
2.1 Objectives
The objectives of this experiment were to
1. Modulate a message signal using Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Kit
2. Demodulate the modulated signal using Amplitude Demodulation Receiver Kit

2.2 Theory
Amplitude modulation is used for transmitting information over radio waves, which is used for
audio and radio broadcasting. The signal that is to be transmitted is known as message signal
or baseband signal which is typically in audio frequency range. This low frequency signal
cannot travel far due to low energy stored in it, which makes it susceptible to noise. Hence a
carrier signal of high frequency (typically of radio frequency range) is used. The carrier signal
is modulated by the message signal before transmitting.
Message signal, 𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
Carrier signal, 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
The modulated signal is transmitted through an antenna and received at the receiver end
through another antenna. The modulated signal is now separated using demodulator to get the
original message signal that was transmitted. The basic modulation and demodulation blocks
are shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Amplitude modulation and demodulation.

The carrier signal is modulated with the message signal by adding the message signal with the
amplitude of carrier signal.

Hence, modulated signal, 𝑣𝑣 = (𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡


= 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 (1 + 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡/𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 )𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
= 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 (1 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡)
Here, 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 /𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 is the modulation index and its value lies between 0 to 1 for non distorted
signal. If modulation index in greater than 1, the modulated signal can be distorted which
cannot be demodulated correctly.

A modulated signal can be generated using the amplitude modulation transmitter kit. Some
segments of the kit are,
1. Audio Oscillator: Produces low frequency signal which simulates message signal.
2. VCO: Voltage controlled oscillator is used to generate high frequency carrier signal.
3. Balanced Modulator: A balanced modulator produces double side band suppressed
carrier (DSBSC) signal.
Similarly, amplitude demodulation can be performed using the following blocks of the
amplitude demodulation kit.
1. Local Oscillator: Produces signal for mixer that operates on heterodyning process.
2. Mixer: The mixer shifts the signal to a more manageable frequency for further
processing.
3. 1st IF Amplifier & 2nd IF Amplifier: Amplifies the intermediate frequency signals.
4. Envelope Detector: Detects the envelope of the modulated signal and outputs the
message signal.

2.3 Required Apparatus


1. Amplitude Demodulation Receiver Kit
2. Frequency Modulation Transmitter Kit
3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
4. Power Supply
5. Connecting Jacks

2.4 Connection Diagram

Figure 2.2 Amplitude modulation connection diagram.


2.5 Experimental Arrangement

Figure 2.3 Amplitude modulation and demodulation experimental arrangement.

2.6 Oscilloscope Output

Figure 2.4 Perfectly modulated signal. Figure 2.5 Under modulated signal

Figure 2.6 Over modulated signal Figure 2.7 Demodulated signal.


2.7 MATLAB Code for Amplitude Modulation
clear all, clc

t=linspace(0,0.2,10000);
wm = 100; wc = 1500;
Vm1 = 2.5; Vm2 = 5; Vm3 = 8; Vc = 5;

vm_t1 = Vm1*sin(wm*t);
vm_t2 = Vm2*sin(wm*t);
vm_t3 = Vm3*sin(wm*t);
vc_t = Vc*sin(wc*t);
v_t1 = (Vc+vm_t1).*sin(wc*t);
v_t2 = (Vc+vm_t2).*sin(wc*t);
v_t3 = (Vc+vm_t3).*sin(wc*t);

subplot(5,1,1), plot(t, vm_t1), title('Message Signal')


subplot(5,1,2), plot(t, vc_t), title('Carrier Signal')
subplot(5,1,3), plot(t, v_t1), title('Under Modulated Signal')
subplot(5,1,4), plot(t, v_t2), title('Perfectly Modulated Signal')
subplot(5,1,5), plot(t, v_t3), title('Over Modulated Signal')

set(gcf, "Position", [100 100 600 650])

2.8 MATLAB Output


Message Signal
2

-2

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Carrier Signal
5

-5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Under Modulated Signal


10

-10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Perfectly Modulated Signal


10

-10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Over Modulated Signal

10

-10

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Figure 2.8 Amplitude modulated signals generated using MATLAB.


2.9
2.7 Discussion and Conclusion
The following experiment were performed successfully to generate amplitude modulated and
demodulated signal. The audio signal was generated directly from the amplitude modulation
transmission kit. Under modulated, over modulated and perfectly modulated signal were
generated by changing the amplitude of the message signal. The modulated signal was also
demodulated using the amplitude demodulation receiver kit. Although the demodulated signal
did not perfectly reproduce the original signal due to imperfection of the devices and presence
of noise.

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