EXPERIMENT NO: 1

DATE: ___/___/20__ THE SCREW GAUGE

AIM: To learn to use a Screw Gauge and hence use it to find the dimensions of various regular materials given.

APPARUTUS:Given a Screw Gauge, cylindrical g lass rod and a cylindrical wire.

THEORY:The Least Count of an instrument is the smallest possible measurement accurately possible using that instrument.This
definit ion suits any instrument that one may use to measure any physical quantity. The lower the value of the least count, the
smaller the readings one can take using it. The least count of the commonly used meter scale is 1mm. Usually the least count of a
screw gauge is 0.01mm. This means that using a SG, we can measure very small length dimensions like the diameter of a small
wire. The formu la fo r finding the least count of any instrument that has two scales one running over the other is given by

Smallest Value of Main Scale

𝐋𝐋east 𝐂𝐂ount (LC) =
Total number of divisions in the Vernier Scale

In the case of the Screw Gaugeapplying the above formula, we get

1mm
LC of 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆𝐆 = = 0.01mm
100 div
PROCEDURE:

1. The first step is to find the zero error of the instrument. The zero error of the instrument will either be zero, negative or
positive. To find the zero error, tighten the screws to close the gap. Hold the U shaped metallic frame with you left hand and
turn the screws using your right hand. Always make sure you hol d the screw at the ratchet (the bl ack piece) only while
turning the screws. When the screw is comp letely closed, a click sound is heard at the ratchet end. Turn the ratchet further,
VERY GENTLY, to hear 2 more clicks. Now, when the screw gauge is closed, look at the read ing.
a) If the zero of the circu lar scale is in line with the main scale, zero error = 0
b) If the zero ofthe circular scale is above the zero of the main scale, zero error = negative (eg: – 7 divisions).
c) If the zero of the circu lar scale is below the zero of the main scale, zero error = positive (eg: + 3 divisions).
Note this down above the tabular column.
2. Keep the material to be measured in the U shaped metallic frame and tighten the screws to close the gap. Always make sure
you hold the screw at the ratchet (the black piece) onl y while turning the screws.When the screw is comp letely closed, a
click sound is heard at the ratchet end. Turn the ratchet further, VERY GENTLY, to hear 2 more clicks.
3. Look for the read ing on the main scale (also known as Head Scale or Pitch Scale). This is the Main Scale Reading (MSR).
Note this down in the table with appropriate units.
4. Now, loo k for the division on the Circular Scale that coincides with the main scale. This would be your Circular Scale
Reading (CSR). Tabulate this reading (it has no unit as it is just a division).
5. Find the Tota; Reading (TR) in each case using the formu la... 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 = 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 + [ (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 − 𝐙𝐙𝐙𝐙) × 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋] .Note that this equation is
sign sensitive and so the negative zero error will get added up in the total result and the positive zero error will get subtracted.

TABLES (left side): CA LCULATIONS (left side):

Zero Error of Screw gauge = ______

The Radius of the given cylindrical g lass rod is given by the
MSR TR = MSR + (VSR − ZE) ×
No
[mm]
CSR
LC[mm] equation 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐷𝐷�2 mm = ____________ mm
Diameter of the Glass Tube (D) The Radius of the given cylindrical wire is given by the
1 equation 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑑𝑑�2 mm = _________ mm
2
3
Diameter of the Wire (d )
1
2
3
Average Value of Diameter of the glass tube D = _______ mm
Average Value of Diameter of the wire d = _________ mm

RESULT (bottom of page on the right side):

The Radius of the given cylindrical glass rod was found to be ___________ mm
The Radius of the given cylindrical wire was found to be ___________ mm
 EXPERIMENT NO :2
DATE: ___/___/ 20___ VERNIER CALLIPERS
AIM: To learn to use the Vernier Callipers (VC) and hence use it to find the dimensions of given regular materials.

APPARUTUS:Given a Vernier Callipers (VC), a hollo w cylinder

THEORY:

value of one main scale division 1mm

Least Count of V𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 = = = 0.1mm
number of divisions in the vernier scale 10 div

PROCEDURE:

1. Identify the main scale and the Vern ier scale o f the vernier callipers.
2. Find the value of one main scale division and the number of div isions in the Vernier scale.
3. Remember to use the jaws on the upper side of the VC only to measure inner diameter of tubes or other regular shapes; for all
other external measurements, use the lower jaws.
4. Keep the material to be measured between the jaws of the VC and lock the jaws co mpletely to the object.
5. Look for the reading on the main scale that comes just before the zero marking on the Vernier scale. Th is is the Main
Scale Reading (M SR). Note this down in the table with appropriate units.
6. Now, look for the first division on the Vernier scale that coincides perfectly with any division on the main scale. This would
be your Vernier Scale Reading (VSR). Tabulate this read ing too (it has no unit as it is just a division).
7. The total Reading (TR) is given by TR = MSR + (VSR × LC).
8. Repeat the experiment 3 t imes and find the average value of TR.

MSR 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 = 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 + (𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕) × 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋

No VSR
[cm] [cm]
Outer Diameter of the Ho llo w Cylinder (R)
1
2
3
Inner Diameter o f the Ho llo w Cylinder (r)
1
2
3
Height (or Length) of the Hollow Cy linder (h)
1
2
3
Average Value of Outer Diameter R = _________ cm
Average Value of Inner Diameter r = _________ cm
Average Value of Height h= _________ cm

CA LCULATIONS:

The Volu me of the given Hollow cylinder is given by the formu la

𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅 2 ℎ − 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟2 ℎ = 𝜋𝜋ℎ(𝑅𝑅 2 − 𝑟𝑟2 ) = _________________ 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3

RESULT:

The Volu me of the given Hollow cylinder was found to be ___________ 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3

1
 EXP ERIMENT NO :3
DATE: ___/___/20___ THE SIMPLE P ENDULUM

A IM: To find the value of acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum.

A PPARATUS:Given a bob attached to a mass less string, a meter scale, a stop clock and a stand

FORMULA:
L L L 1 4π2
T = 2π� ⟹ T 2 = 4π2 � � ⟹ g = 4π2 � � ⟹ g = 4π2 � � ⟹ g=
g g T2 S S
PROCEDURE:

1. Set the Simp le pendulum for a convenient length (say 40 cm) and calculate the time that it takes to make 10
oscillations (10T, where T is the time period).
2. Care must be taken to ensure that the angle of oscillation fro m the mean position is as small as possible.
Care must also be taken in order to ensure that no initial velocity is given to the pendulum. It must be
allo wed to fall freely fro m the displaced position.
3. After the time reading for 10T is taken, do not stop the oscillation.
4. Note down the value of t ime then, reset the watch and as the pendulum continues to oscillate, take the value
for 10 T once more. Note this down too in the tabular colu mn.
5. Now, change the value of length (to say 60 cm) and repeat the whole experiment for 4 more values of
length.In each of the tabulated values, find T and T2 and note it in the tabular colu mn.
6. Plot a graph of L versus T2 (L on the x axis and
T2 on the y axis). It is expected to be a straight
L 10T T AverageT 𝑇𝑇 2
line. No
[cm] [s] [s] [s] [s 2]
7. All the points plotted may not fall on a straight
line so draw a LINE OF BEST FIT. (The line of
best fit may even be drawn in a manner that 1 40
none of the points plotted falls exactly on the
line itself. This would still be the correct way of
drawing the graph).
8. On the line of best fit, choose any two new 2 60
points (𝑥𝑥 1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) and hence find the
slope of the line. Using the equation
∆y y2 − y1 4π2
𝑆𝑆 = = = � � 3 80
∆x 2 x −x
1 g
9. Find the value of acceleration due to gravity
fro m the equation given above
4π2
g= 4 100
S

RESULT :The value of accelerat ion due to gravity was found to be _________m/s2
 EXPERIMENT NO :4
DATE:___/___/ 20___ FINDING VOLUME OF REGULAR OBJECTS
AIM : To find the volume of a given solid object using liquid displacement method and then to confirm the values
using mathematical formula and dimensions calculated using Vernier Callipers (VC).

APPARATUS:Given a spherical bob, a cylindrical metal object, measuring jar with water, string and vernier callipers.

P ROCEDURE:

1. Note down the least count of the measuring cylinder (LC) Fill the measuring jar to a comfortable level and note
this value as the initial reading of volume in the water (Ri ). Take care to ensure that readings on the measuring
cylinder is taken by keeping your eye horizontally in line with the reading and not at an angle to avoid parallax
errors.
2. Tie the given sphere with a string. Take care to ensure that the string is long enough so that the objects will
completely immerse in the water in the measuring jar.
3. Dip the bob such that it just immerses completely inside the water. Note the reading of the measuring jar now.
This will be the final reading (R f).The volume of the Bob will be the difference between R f and Ri .
4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 for the cylindrical object and note down the values separately.
5. Note the Least Count of the given VC. Use the VC to find the value of (i) diameter of the sphere (ii) diameter of
the cylinder and (iii) the length of the cylinder and note all these values down.
6. In each case, take 3 readings and the mean of these readings to get a more accurate result.
7. Make the mathematical calculation for Volume for each of these objects using the concerned formula for
volume of sphere and volume of cylinder.

CALCULATIONS:

Least count of the VC = ______ cm

Least count of the measuring jar = _______ cc

1. SPHERICAL BOB 2. CYLINDRICAL METAL OBJ ECT

Initial Reading on the measuring jar Ri = _______ cc Initial Reading on the measuring jar Ri = _______ cc
Final Reading on the measuring jar R f = _______ cc Final Reading on the measuring jar R f = _______ cc
Volume of B ob = 𝑹𝑹𝒇𝒇 − 𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊 =__________cc Volume of Cylinder = 𝑹𝑹𝒇𝒇 − 𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊 =_________cc

Average Diameter o f the Bob using VC = d = ______ cm Average Diameter o f the cylinder using VC = D = ______ cm
𝑑𝑑 𝐷𝐷
Radius of the Bob = 𝑟𝑟 = = _____ cm Radius of the cylinder = 𝑅𝑅 = = ______ cm
2 2
𝟒𝟒
Volume of the B ob = 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓𝟑𝟑 =_______ cc Average Length of the cylinder using VC = L = ______ cm
𝟑𝟑
Volume of the Cylinder = 𝝅𝝅𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳 =_______ cc

M SR 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 = MSR + (VSR × LC)

M SR 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 = MSR + ( VSR × LC) No VSR
No VSR [cm] [cm]
[cm] [cm]
Diameter of Cylinder (D)
Diameter of Sphere (d)
1
1 2
2 3
3 Length of Cylinder (L)
1
2
3

RESULT :

1. The volume of the Bob using Measuring jar is : ________ cc

2. The volume of the Bob using Vernier callipers is : ________ cc
3. The volume of the Cylinder using Measuring jar is : ________ cc
4. The volume of the Cylinder using Vernier Callipers is : ________ cc
 EXPERIMENT NO :5
DATE:___/___/2013 DENSITY OF WOOD
Aim: To find the Density of the given Wooden Block

Apparatus: Given a Vernier Callipers, digital weighing pan and a block of wood(cuboid)

Formula:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = ⇒ 𝐷𝐷 =
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉

Volume of a Cubiod = length × breadth × height ⇒ 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑙𝑙 × 𝑏𝑏 × ℎ

Procedure:

1. Find and record the mass of the block of wood using the digital weighing pan.
2. Find the volume of the given wooden block by finding the length, breadth and height of the
block using the given vernier callipers.
3. Use the formula for density to find the density of the wooded block. Make sure all the units
are in the SI system while finding the density.

Calculations:

Length of the wooden block MSR TR = MSR + (VSR × LC)

𝑙𝑙 = __________𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ______________𝑚𝑚 No VSR
[cm] [cm]
Breadth of the wooden block
𝑏𝑏 = __________𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ______________𝑚𝑚 Length of the Wooden Block (l)
Height of the wooden block 1
ℎ = __________𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ______________𝑚𝑚 2
3
Volume of the Wooden Block Breadth of the Wooden Block (b)
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑙𝑙 × 𝑏𝑏 × ℎ = ________________ 𝑚𝑚 3 1
2
Mass of the given wooden block 3
𝑀𝑀 = __________ 𝑔𝑔 = __________𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Height of the Wooden Block (h)
1
The density of the given wooden block is 2
3
𝑀𝑀
𝐷𝐷 = = _______________ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑉𝑉

Result: The density of the given wooden block is found to be _______________ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
EXPERIMENT NO:6
DATE:___/___/20__ REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Aim: To verify the laws of reflection

Apparatus: A drawing board, pins, a plane mirror, wooden block for support. Sheet of paper

Procedure:

1. Fix the sheet of paper

firmly on the drawing
board
2. Draw a straight line MM’
on the paper to represent
the position of the plane
mirror
3. Draw the normal
(perpendicular line) ON
from the centre point O on
the straight line MM’
4. Draw a straight line AO at
an angle 30° to the left side of the normal ON. N
5. Place the mirror in vertical position with the help of a wooden block on the line MM’
6. Fix two common pins B and C on the line AO on the.
7. Look at the mirror from the right side of the normal in such a manner that the reflections
of pins B and C are aligned.
8. Now fix two pin D and E on the right side such that these two are aligned with the
reflection of B and C.
9. Take care to ensure that the reflection of B and C and the pins D and E are on a straight
line.
10. Now take the pins out and join D and E to the point O with a pencil.
11. Measure angle AON and angle NOE with a protractor. They will be the same.
12. Repeat the experiment for an angle of 60°.

Result: The laws of Reflection of Light were verified.

Note: Note the angles in the paper itself and attach it in the record book
 EXPERIMENT NO: 7 VOLUME OF IRREGULAR OBJECT
DATE: ___/___/ 20__ LIGHTER THAN WATER

Aim: To determine the volume of an irregular shape object lighter than water by
displacement method

Apparatus: Given irregular object (a piece of cork which does not sink in water), a measuring
cylinder and a heavy object to be used as sinker.

Theory: An object when completely immersed in a liquid displaces an equal volume of the
liquid.
• Initial volume of water in the measuring cylinder = V1 ml
• Volume of water with sinker immersed = V2 ml
• Volume of water with sinker and the object both immersed = V3 ml
• Volume of water displaced by the object when completely immersed = (V3 − V2 ) ml
• Therefore volume of the object V = (V3 − V2 ) ml

Procedure

1. Note the least count of the given measuring cylinder with the proper unit.
2. Fill little water in the measuring cylinder and record its level as V1 ml
3. Use a string to immerse the given sinker, a heavy object which sinks in water and record
the water level in the measuring cylinder as V2 ml
4. Tie the object to the sinker and immerse it completely in water. Then record the water
level in the measuring cylinder as V3 ml.
5. Record your observations for V1 , V2 , and V3 in the given observation table and calculate v,
the volume of the object.
6. Repeat the procedure by changing the initial level of water in the measuring cylinder (𝑉1)
for at least two more set of observations.
7. Therefore volume of the object V = (V3 − V2 ) ml

Observations:

Least count of the measuring cylinder = ________ ml

No 𝑽𝟏 [ml] 𝑽𝟐 [ml] 𝑽𝟑 [ml] 𝑽 = (𝐕𝟑 − 𝐕𝟐 ) [ml]

1
2
3

Result: Volume of the given object which does not sink in water, as determined by
displacement method, using a sinker is found to be as _________ ml = ___________ cm3.
SCREW GUAGE