Experiment Experiment No. # 01 Object : To measure the diameter of a sphere or cylinder with a vernier calipers. ‘Apparatus Required : Vernier callipers and sphere or cylinder. Method : (1) Count the total number of divisions m on the vernier scale. (2) Find the value of one main scale division x (3) Bring both the jaws together and see whether the zero mark of vernier scale coincides with the zero mark of the main scale or not. If they do not coincide, find the zero error. (4) Fix the cylinder (or sphere) in between the external jaws as shown in Fig. 1 and note the main scale reading. aya } —|L-HouLow CYLINDER INTERNAL, SCREW STRIP 7490 b= VERNIER MAIN EXTERNAL SCALE SCALE JAWS: ‘SOLID CYLINDER Fig. (5) Now note the vernier scale division which coincides with any of the main scate division. (6) Repeat the experiment and note the readings at two different places along the cylinder (or sphere) Observations + (1) For the least count of the vernier callipers— ‘Total number of divisions on vernier scale n = 10 The value of | main scale division x = 0-1 cm. o4 7 7O0l sem, -. Least count of the vernier callipe (2) Zero error— + 0-04 cm. (3) For the diameter of eyli Vernier scale reading | Total reading Main = Main seate s. | scale | Coinciding . coinciding | seading + No. | reading | division | div. of vernier | Vernier scale 5 of vernier | * least count ‘ fin em) ie ke reading sea (in em) (in em) [14 3 3 * 001 = 0-03 143 M4 4 «001 = 0.04 144 14 3. 0-01 = 0.03 1-43 1341444143 _ 430 Mean diameter = "SS = S* = 143. em Shivalal Practical Physics : Class 11Correct diameter = Observed diameter — Zero error (with sign) = 1-43 — (+ 0-04) = 1:39 cm. Resuit : Diameter of given cylinder (or sphere) = 1:39 cm. Precautions : (1) The cylinder (or sphere) should not be pressed too hard or kept too loose in between the jaws. (2) While taking the observations, the eyes must be kept perpendicular to the scale. Viva-Voce Note : Refer Experiment No. 2.(2) While taking the reading, the eyes are kept y.. ) Sere cao ihe arte Goa. pall. Cttical ty Experiment No. # 03(A) 3 Object ; To determine the diameter of a wire with a the help of a screw gauge. Apparatus Required : Screw gauge and the given mes MAIN Fig. 3 Method : (1) On bringing any division of the circular scale of screw gauge thrown in Fig. 3 in contact with the base line, the circular scale is given one complete rotation. Note on the main scale, the linear distance moved by the screw, ie, the pitch. Now count the total number of divisions on the circular scale. (2) Bring the tip of screw B close to the stud A. Find out if there is any zero error. (3) Rotate the circular scale and make a sufficient gap between A and B so that the given wire can be easily placed. Stop moving the screw and keep the wire is the gap between A and B. Move the screw B towards the stud A by rotating the circular scale with the help of the ratchet so that the given wire is held gently between the stud and the screw. F (4) Count the number of divisions which appear on the main scale. This gives the main scale reading. Then note the coinciding division of the circular scale with the base ine. 5 (5) Widen the gap between the stud and the screw. Again hold the wire at the same place, but is a position perpendicular to the earlier one. Repeat the above procedure to obtain the reading of the diameter in this position. _ tt (6) Take at-least two more pairs of such readings at differen Positions along its length.L gees eee aed Observations + ( Ww For the least count scale, Pitch of the screw = 0-1 em divisi ‘Total number of divisions on circular scale = 100 ( t _____Ptch of the screw sheet Least count Total number of divisions on circular scale ¢ o1 ( = — == 0-001 cm. io (2) Zero error— + 0:004 cm. (3) For diameter— L Circular scale reading Total No. of roading Main | circular pad S.No. scale scale No. of division ih 7 reading | division | least count | cireutar (in cm) | coinciding (in em) seale with the reading base line (in omy 1, (i) in one 0 94 94 = 0-001 = 0-094} 0-094 direction (i) int 0 96 — 196 « 0-001 = 0-096 0-096 direction 2, (i) in one 0 94 94 = 0-001 = 0-094] 0-094 direction (ii) in L 0 97 97 x 0-001 = 0-097) 0-097 direction 3, (i) in one 0 93 93 « 0-001 = 0-093} 0-093 direction (ii) in L 0 9% 96 x 0-001 = 0-096} 0.096 direction Mean observed diameter = 0-095 cm Correct diameter = Observed diameter — Zero error - (with proper sign) = 0-095 — (+ 0-004) = 0-091 cm. Result : Diameter of the given wire = 0-091 cm R Precautions : (1) The tip of the screw should be brought P Closer in the stud only with the help of ratchet. by me (2) In order to make allowance for non-circular cross section, G diameter of the wire must be measured in two perpendicular places Mtections at each place. is avoee ss directions at each place. ‘places OF is avoide qe w mre (3)) 3 Experiment No. # 03(B) i should Object. To determine the thickness of the given sheet with ie the help of a screw gauge. Apparatus Required : Screw gauge and given sheet. Method : (1) On bringing any division of the circular scale Q in contact with the base line, the circular scale is given one Al complete rotation. Note on the main scale, the linear distance Q moved by the screw, i.e., the pitch. Now, count the total number A of divisions on the circular scale. measu (2) Bring the tip of screw B close to the stud A. Find out qQ if there is any zero error. A (3) Rotate the circular scale and make a sufficient gap | the between A and B so that the given sheet can be easily placed. ( Stop moving the screw and keep the sheet in the gap between A and B. Move the screw B towards the stud A by rotating the circular scale with the help of the ratchet on that the given sheet is held gently between the stud and the screw. Shivalal Practical Physics : Class 11(4) Count the number of divisions which appear on the main scale. This gives the main scale reading. Then note the coinciding division of the circular scale with the base line. (5) Repeat the above procedure to obtain the thickness of sheet at two different position. Observations : (1) For the least count— Pitch of the screw = 0'1 cm Total number of divisions on circular scale = 100 Least count ee Pitch of the screw ~ Total number of divisions on the circular scale (2) Zero error— + 0-004 em, (3) For thickness sheet- Circular scale reading Total __ | Circular reading = Main | scale main seale a3 scale | division | No of division | reading + io. | reading | which x least count circular (cm) | coincides (in cm) seale reading with the (in em) base line 1, O1 42 42 x 0-001 = 0+ 0-142 z O1 41 41 x 0-001 0-141 &. O1 43 43 x 0-001 0-143 Mean observed thickness = 0-142 em True thickness Mean observed thickness — zero error (with sign) 142 — (+ 0-004) 138 cm. Result : Thickness of the given sheet = 0-138 cm. Precautions ; (1) The head of the screw should be tuned by means of ratchet, (2) The thickness of sheet should be measured in different places of sheet so that the error arising due to its non-uniformity is avoided. (3) While rotating the head of screw, its direction of rotation should not be changed suddenly, otherwise backlash error may arise. Q. 1. What is the use of a screw gauge ? Ans. It is used to measure the diameter of a thin wire.E _ Experiment No. # 13 3 PMP. Object : To study the relation between frequency and the Id water length of a given wire under constant tension using the sonometer. Apparatus Required : Sonometer, for 500 gf slotted weights, & 29 = 3°C a set of turning forks of frequencies 256 Hz, 320 Hz and 512 Hz yneter labelled as A, B and C, a piece of paper as rider rubber pad and ¥ a metre rule. Formula used : At resonance, frequency of tunning fork then J = frequency of vibration of stretched string -t) 1 {Tt x 8 or f = II Vn For a given string under constant tension, fou- | 7 (8 - th) or fl = constant ! Method : (1) Place the sonometer on the table top such that the hanger at the free end of sonometer wire does not touch the — 32 = 66°C edges of table top. * sy cal/gm °C (2) Put three-four slotted weights on the hanger and place the bridges below the stretched string such that one bridge P is Shivalal Practical Physics : Class 11Peo ee the hook which is kept fixed while the other bridge Q is | out to ea the pulling which is moved (Fig. 16) fell TUNNING Re FORK that for STRING propo i Q ae or fl = 2 Ls a . Pr VP friction 2) oO oO 3} HANGER: 1 SONOMETER a when 1 | A stored just fli« ( WEIGHTS ark | TABLE || Q : Ar rex — (3) Oil the pulley to make it frictionless. Q (4) Take the tunning fork A. Strike it gently on the rubber a pad. Keep the stem of the vibrating tunning fork on the fixed forced bridge P and move the bridge Q slowly towards the bridge P to Q. a portion when the string between the bridge begins to vibrate in a loop as p e Ar shown in Fig. 17. At this position if a a frequ occur ¢ rider R is placed just in between the ri two bridges, it flies away. Now measure Fig.17 conditi: and record the separation /; between the bridges P and Q. (5) Bring the bridge Q close to the bridge P. Repeat the step (4) by moving the bridge Q away from the bridge P and note the separation /) between the two bridges. wt (6) Repeat the above steps (4) and (5) for the tuning forks | “"° ” B and C one by one. Q Observations : Al Separation Of S. | Fork and its between the il Q No, | frequency fin | bridges (in cm) | fl | (in em) Al He 4 | 4 | mean] 1 A 256 60:3|60-1| 60-2 ] 15411] 1-7 x 107 _ B 320 48:3/48-1] 48:2 |15411] 2-1 x 107 at Be .0 | 30. . . 2 C 512 30-0|30:2} 30-1 | 15411] 3:3 x 107 Aa Graph : From the above observation table, taking frequency Q fon X-axis and 1/I on Y-axis, a graph is plotted which comes ArA256 | 60-3|60- B320 | 48:3 |48+1 C512 |30-0|30-2 Graph : From the above observation table, taking frequency fon X-axis and 1/I on Y-axis, a graph is plotted which comes SCALE : ON X-AXIS, 10 div. = 1 x 10? Hz i ON Y-AXIS, 5 div. =0-5 x 10%cm™ o Dench ed aL aa oa 4M (x 10-2 em!) ——> rp NAA bait ° ao # (IN 10? Hz) Fig. 18. f-1/l graph Shivalal Practical Physics : Class 1i:Qis ver ed out to be a straight line as shown in Fig. 18. This shows that f« 1/1 or fl = constant. Result : From the observation table and graph it is clear that for a string under a constant tension, frequency fis inversely proportional to the vibrating lengths / of the string i.e., f 1/1 or f7 = constant. Precautions : frictionless. (2) The tunning fork must be striked gently on the rubber pad. (3) The distance between the two bridges must be noted only when the paper rider placed on string in between the bridges just flies away. (1) The pulley must be oiled to make it Q. 1. What is sonometer ? Ans. Sonometer is a device on which a string (or wire) is stretched between the two bridges by suspending a load from its one end, keeping the other end fixed. Q. 2. How is the string made to vibrate ? Ans. By placing a vibrating tunning fork on one bridge, forced vibrations are produced in the string. Q. 3. What is the principle of your experiment ? a cae ete mn he SP ec aaa pe oe ee eh a