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Blake Problem Computation

This document discusses the Laplace transform and its applications to circuit analysis. It begins with an introduction and outline of topics to be covered, including the definition of the Laplace transform, its properties, the inverse Laplace transform, and how it can be used to solve differential equations and analyze circuits. It then provides some examples of applying the Laplace transform to find the transform of basic functions and use properties like linearity, scaling, and time shifting. The document aims to explain how the Laplace transform can be used to analyze electric circuits.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views

Blake Problem Computation

This document discusses the Laplace transform and its applications to circuit analysis. It begins with an introduction and outline of topics to be covered, including the definition of the Laplace transform, its properties, the inverse Laplace transform, and how it can be used to solve differential equations and analyze circuits. It then provides some examples of applying the Laplace transform to find the transform of basic functions and use properties like linearity, scaling, and time shifting. The document aims to explain how the Laplace transform can be used to analyze electric circuits.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

CHAPTER 2

Introduction to 
Laplace Transform
COURSE OUTCOME
CO2 : Ability to analyze electric circuit using Laplace 
Transform

PROGRAM OUTCOME
PO1 : Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of 
mathematics, science, engineering and in­depth technical 
competence in Computer Network engineering discipline.
PO2: Ability to identify, formulate and solve complex 
engineering problems.
PO11: A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in 
life­long learning

OUTLINE
• Definition of the Laplace Transform
• Properties of Laplace Transform
• The Inverse Laplace Transform
• Integral­differential Equation
• Transfer Function
• Circuits Analysis

The French Newton
Pierre­Simon Laplace
• Developed mathematics in 
astronomy, physics, and statistics

• Began work in calculus which led 
to the Laplace Transform

• Focused later on celestial 
mechanics

• One of the first scientists to 
suggest the existence of black 
holes
Introduction
L a p la c e
T r a n s f o r m a t io n

T im e d o m a in F r e q u e n c y d o m a in
u n k n o w n f ( t ) , d / d t , D if f E q s u n k n o w n F ( s ) , A lg E q s

S o lv e
D if f e r e n tia l S o lv e
E q u a t io n s A lg e b r a ic
E q u a tio n s

T im e d o m a in F r e q u e n c y d o m a in
k n o w n f(t) k n o w n F (s)

In v e rse
L a p la c e
T ra n s fo rm
Laplace Transform Definition

• The Laplace transform is L  f  t    f  t  e dt
 st

• 0

 F s 

• Common notation:

L  f  t   F s  f  t   F s 
L  g t   G  s  g t   G  s 
Definition of Laplace Transform
Example
Determine the Laplace transform of each of the 
following functions shown below:

6
 Solution
a) The Laplace Transform of unit step, u(t) is
given by 1
 

L u (t )  F ( s )   1e dt 
 st
0 s
b) The Laplace Transform of exponential
function, e-atu(t),a>0 is given by
1
L u (t )  F ( s )  

at  st
e e dt 
0 s a
c) The Laplace Transform of impulse function,
δ(t) is given by
L u (t )  F ( s )    (t )e dt  1

 st
0
Properties of Laplace Transform

Linearity 
   If F1(s) and F2(s) are, respectively, the Laplace 
Transforms of f1(t) and f2(t)

L a1 f1 (t )  a2 f 2 (t )  a1 F1 ( s )  a2 F2 ( s )

Example 

L cos(t )u (t )  L   e  e 
 1 jt  jt  s
u (t )  2
 s 
2
2
8
Scaling
   If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then

1 s
L f (at )  F ( )
a a
2
Example L sin( 2t )u (t )  2
s  4 2
Time Shift 
   If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then
L f (t  a)u (t  a )  e  as F ( s)
Example  L cos( (t  a ))u (t  a )  e  as s
s2   2
9
Frequency Shift
   If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then

Le   at

f (t )u (t )  F ( s  a )
Example
Le  at

cos(t )u (t ) 
sa
( s  a) 2   2
Time Differentiation 
   If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then the 
Laplace Transform of its derivative is
 df 
L  u (t )  sF ( s )  f (0  )
 dt 

Example L sin( ωt )u(t)  2
s 2 10
Time Integration 
   If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then the 
Laplace Transform of its integral is
 t
 1
L  f (t )dt  F ( s )
 0  s

Example  Lt  
n

s
n!
 n 1

Frequency Differentiation
   If F(s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then the 
derivative with respect to s, is
dF ( s )
L tf (t )  
ds

Example    at
L te u (t )   1
( s  a) 2 11
Initial and Final Values 
   The initial­value and final­value properties allow us 
to find the initial value f(0) and f(∞) of f(t) directly 
from its Laplace transform F(s).

f (0)  lim sF ( s) Initial­value theorem


s 

f ()  lim sF ( s ) Final­value theorem


s0

12
The Inverse Laplace Transform

Suppose F(s) has the general form of 
N ( s )......numerator polynomial
F ( s) 
D( s )...denominato r polynomial
   The finding the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) 
involves two steps: 
1. Decompose F(s) into simple terms using 
partial fraction expansion.
2. Find the inverse of each term by matching 
entries in Laplace Transform Table.
15
 Example

Find the inverse Laplace transform of 
3 5 6
F (s)    2
s s 1 s  4
Solution

1  3  1  5  1  6 
f (t )  L    L   L  2 
s  s 1  s 4
 (3  5e t  3 sin( 2t )u (t ), t  0

16
Integro­differential Equation

• The Laplace transform is useful in solving linear 
integro­differential equations.
• Each term in the integro­differential equation is 
transformed into s­domain.
• Initial conditions are automatically taken into 
account.
• The resulting algebraic equation in the s­domain can 
then be solved easily.
• The solution is then converted back to time domain.

17
 Example

Use the Laplace transform to solve the differential 
equation

d 2 v(t ) dv(t )
2
6  8v(t )  2u (t )
dt dt

Given: v(0) = 1; v’(0) = ­2

18
 Solution

Taking the Laplace transform of each term in the 
given differential equation and obtain

 
s V ( s )  sv (0)  v' (0)  6 sV ( s )  v(0)  8V ( s ) 
2 2
s
Substituti ng v(0)  1; v' (0)  2, we have
2 s 2
 4s  2 1 1 1
( s  6s  8)V ( s )  s  4  
2
 V (s)  
4 2
 4
s s s s2 s4
By the inverse Laplace Transform,
1
v(t )  (1  2e  2t  e  4t )u (t )
4
19
Transfer Function
• The transfer function is a key concept in signal 
processing because it indicates how a signal is 
processed as it passes through a network.
• The transfer function relates the output of a 
circuit to a given input, assuming zero initial 
conditions. Vo  s 
H  s   Voltage gain 
• Vi  s 

Y  s H  s   Current gain 
Io  s 
H  s  Ii  s 
X  s Vo  s 
H  s   Impedance 
Ii  s 
Io  s 
H  s   Admittance 
Vi  s 
Example 1
The output of a linear system is y(t)=10e­tcos4t 
when the input is x(t)=e­tu(t). Find the transfer 
function of the system and its impulse response.

Solution
• Transform y(t) and x(t) into s­domain and apply 
H(s)=Y(s)/X(s), we get

Y ( s) 10( s  1) 2 4

H ( s)    10  40
X ( s ) ( s  1)  16
2
( s  1) 2  16
• Apply inverse transform for H(s), we get

h(t )  10 (t )  40e  t sin( 4t )u (t )

Example 2
2s
The transfer function of a linear system is H ( s) 
s6

Find the output y(t) due to the input e­3tu(t) and 
its impulse response.

Solution
• Apply inverse transform for H(s), we get


h(t)   2e 3t  4e 6t , t  0; 2 (t) - 12e -6tu (t )
Circuit Analysis
• The Laplace transform certainly plays an 
important role in circuit analysis.
• The methodology of circuit analysis using 
Laplace transform;
• Convert each element to its s­domain 
model
• Obtain the s­domain solution
• Apply the inverse Laplace transform to 
obtain the t­domain solution

 df   Time Differentiation 
L  u (t )  sF ( s)  f (0 )
 dt  (RLC Circuit)
s-Domain Models for Resistor
• For resistor, R

v(t )  Ri(t )  L v(t )  L Ri(t )


V ( s )  RI ( s )
s-Domain Models for Inductor
• For Inductor, L

v (t )  L
di (t )
dt
 
 V ( s )  L sI ( s )  i (0  )  sLI ( s )  Li (0  )

1 i (0  )
or I ( s )  V ( s ) 
sL s
s-Domain Models for Capacitor
• For Capacitor, C

i (t )  C
dv(t )
dt
 
 I ( s )  C sV ( s )  v(0  )  sCV ( s )  Cv(0  )

1 v (0  )
or V ( s )  I (s) 
sC s
Impedance
• Impedance in the s domain
• Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)
• Admittance in the s domain
• Y(s)=1/Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)
• Assuming zero initial conditions

Element Z(s)
Resistor R
Inductor sL
Capacitor 1/sC
Example 1
• Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below, assuming 
zero initial conditions.

Solution
• Transform the circuit from the time domain to the s­
domain, we have



• Apply mesh analysis, on solving for V0(s)

•  1  1  3  I  3 I  0  (1) 3
1 2  I2 
s  s s s 3  8s 2  18s

3  3 3
 I1   s  5   I 2  0  (2) V ( s )  sI 
• s  s o 2
s 2  8s  18
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform give
• 3 2 3  4t
V0 ( s )   v0 (t )  e sin( 2t ) V, t  0
• 2 ( s  4)  ( 2 )
2 2
2

Exercise (1)
• Determine v0(t) in the circuit shown below, 
assuming zero initial conditions.

Exercise (1)(Solution)
• Determine v0(t) in the circuit shown below, 
assuming zero initial conditions.

S­domain
Exercise (2)
• Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below. Assume 
v0(0) = 5V
Exercise (2)(Solution)
• Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below. Assume 
v0(0) = 5V





• Apply Nodal Analysis at Vo(s)
Exercise (3)
• The switch shown below has been in position b 
for a long time. It is moved to position a at t=0. 
Determine v(t) for t > 0.

Exercise (3)(Solution)
• The switch shown below has been in position b for a long 
time. It is moved to position a at t=0. Determine v(t) for t > 
0.

Exercise (4)
• Consider the circuit below. Find the value of the 
voltage across the capacitor assuming that the 
value of vs(t)=10u(t) V and assume that at t=0, 
­1A flows through the inductor and +5V is 
across the capacitor.

Exercise (4)(Solution)
• Find the value of the voltage across the capacitor assuming 
that the value of vs(t)=10u(t) V and assume that at t=0, ­1A 
flows through the inductor and +5V is across the capacitor.








• s­domain 

  models for Inductor &
  Capacitor;


Exercise (4)(Solution)
Exercise (5)
• The initial energy in the circuit below is zero at t=0. 
Assume that vs=30u(t) V. 
(a) Find V0(s) using the Thevenin theorem. 
(b) Apply the initial­ and final­value theorem to find v0(0) 
and v0(∞). 
(c) Obtain v0(t).

Exercise (5)(Solution)
• To find Vth , remove 2 Ω . Use Mesh Analysis;

• To find ISC , short circuit 2 Ω . Use Nodal Analysis;


Exercise (5)(Solution)

• Vo = ???? 


end OF chapter 2

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