Blake Problem Computation
Blake Problem Computation
Introduction to
Laplace Transform
COURSE OUTCOME
CO2 : Ability to analyze electric circuit using Laplace
Transform
PROGRAM OUTCOME
PO1 : Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of
mathematics, science, engineering and indepth technical
competence in Computer Network engineering discipline.
PO2: Ability to identify, formulate and solve complex
engineering problems.
PO11: A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in
lifelong learning
OUTLINE
• Definition of the Laplace Transform
• Properties of Laplace Transform
• The Inverse Laplace Transform
• Integraldifferential Equation
• Transfer Function
• Circuits Analysis
•
The French Newton
PierreSimon Laplace
• Developed mathematics in
astronomy, physics, and statistics
• Began work in calculus which led
to the Laplace Transform
• Focused later on celestial
mechanics
• One of the first scientists to
suggest the existence of black
holes
Introduction
L a p la c e
T r a n s f o r m a t io n
T im e d o m a in F r e q u e n c y d o m a in
u n k n o w n f ( t ) , d / d t , D if f E q s u n k n o w n F ( s ) , A lg E q s
S o lv e
D if f e r e n tia l S o lv e
E q u a t io n s A lg e b r a ic
E q u a tio n s
T im e d o m a in F r e q u e n c y d o m a in
k n o w n f(t) k n o w n F (s)
In v e rse
L a p la c e
T ra n s fo rm
Laplace Transform Definition
• The Laplace transform is L f t f t e dt
st
• 0
•
F s
•
• Common notation:
L f t F s f t F s
L g t G s g t G s
Definition of Laplace Transform
Example
Determine the Laplace transform of each of the
following functions shown below:
6
Solution
a) The Laplace Transform of unit step, u(t) is
given by 1
L u (t ) F ( s ) 1e dt
st
0 s
b) The Laplace Transform of exponential
function, e-atu(t),a>0 is given by
1
L u (t ) F ( s )
at st
e e dt
0 s a
c) The Laplace Transform of impulse function,
δ(t) is given by
L u (t ) F ( s ) (t )e dt 1
st
0
Properties of Laplace Transform
Linearity
If F1(s) and F2(s) are, respectively, the Laplace
Transforms of f1(t) and f2(t)
L a1 f1 (t ) a2 f 2 (t ) a1 F1 ( s ) a2 F2 ( s )
Example
L cos(t )u (t ) L e e
1 jt jt s
u (t ) 2
s
2
2
8
Scaling
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then
1 s
L f (at ) F ( )
a a
2
Example L sin( 2t )u (t ) 2
s 4 2
Time Shift
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then
L f (t a)u (t a ) e as F ( s)
Example L cos( (t a ))u (t a ) e as s
s2 2
9
Frequency Shift
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then
Le at
f (t )u (t ) F ( s a )
Example
Le at
cos(t )u (t )
sa
( s a) 2 2
Time Differentiation
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then the
Laplace Transform of its derivative is
df
L u (t ) sF ( s ) f (0 )
dt
Example L sin( ωt )u(t) 2
s 2 10
Time Integration
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then the
Laplace Transform of its integral is
t
1
L f (t )dt F ( s )
0 s
Example Lt
n
s
n!
n 1
Frequency Differentiation
If F(s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then the
derivative with respect to s, is
dF ( s )
L tf (t )
ds
Example at
L te u (t ) 1
( s a) 2 11
Initial and Final Values
The initialvalue and finalvalue properties allow us
to find the initial value f(0) and f(∞) of f(t) directly
from its Laplace transform F(s).
12
The Inverse Laplace Transform
Suppose F(s) has the general form of
N ( s )......numerator polynomial
F ( s)
D( s )...denominato r polynomial
The finding the inverse Laplace transform of F(s)
involves two steps:
1. Decompose F(s) into simple terms using
partial fraction expansion.
2. Find the inverse of each term by matching
entries in Laplace Transform Table.
15
Example
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
3 5 6
F (s) 2
s s 1 s 4
Solution
1 3 1 5 1 6
f (t ) L L L 2
s s 1 s 4
(3 5e t 3 sin( 2t )u (t ), t 0
16
Integrodifferential Equation
• The Laplace transform is useful in solving linear
integrodifferential equations.
• Each term in the integrodifferential equation is
transformed into sdomain.
• Initial conditions are automatically taken into
account.
• The resulting algebraic equation in the sdomain can
then be solved easily.
• The solution is then converted back to time domain.
17
Example
Use the Laplace transform to solve the differential
equation
d 2 v(t ) dv(t )
2
6 8v(t ) 2u (t )
dt dt
Given: v(0) = 1; v’(0) = 2
18
Solution
Taking the Laplace transform of each term in the
given differential equation and obtain
s V ( s ) sv (0) v' (0) 6 sV ( s ) v(0) 8V ( s )
2 2
s
Substituti ng v(0) 1; v' (0) 2, we have
2 s 2
4s 2 1 1 1
( s 6s 8)V ( s ) s 4
2
V (s)
4 2
4
s s s s2 s4
By the inverse Laplace Transform,
1
v(t ) (1 2e 2t e 4t )u (t )
4
19
Transfer Function
• The transfer function is a key concept in signal
processing because it indicates how a signal is
processed as it passes through a network.
• The transfer function relates the output of a
circuit to a given input, assuming zero initial
conditions. Vo s
H s Voltage gain
• Vi s
Y s H s Current gain
Io s
H s Ii s
X s Vo s
H s Impedance
Ii s
Io s
H s Admittance
Vi s
Example 1
The output of a linear system is y(t)=10etcos4t
when the input is x(t)=etu(t). Find the transfer
function of the system and its impulse response.
•
Solution
• Transform y(t) and x(t) into sdomain and apply
H(s)=Y(s)/X(s), we get
•
Y ( s) 10( s 1) 2 4
•
H ( s) 10 40
X ( s ) ( s 1) 16
2
( s 1) 2 16
• Apply inverse transform for H(s), we get
•
h(t ) 10 (t ) 40e t sin( 4t )u (t )
•
Example 2
2s
The transfer function of a linear system is H ( s)
s6
Find the output y(t) due to the input e3tu(t) and
its impulse response.
Solution
• Apply inverse transform for H(s), we get
•
•
h(t) 2e 3t 4e 6t , t 0; 2 (t) - 12e -6tu (t )
Circuit Analysis
• The Laplace transform certainly plays an
important role in circuit analysis.
• The methodology of circuit analysis using
Laplace transform;
• Convert each element to its sdomain
model
• Obtain the sdomain solution
• Apply the inverse Laplace transform to
obtain the tdomain solution
•
df Time Differentiation
L u (t ) sF ( s) f (0 )
dt (RLC Circuit)
s-Domain Models for Resistor
• For resistor, R
v (t ) L
di (t )
dt
V ( s ) L sI ( s ) i (0 ) sLI ( s ) Li (0 )
1 i (0 )
or I ( s ) V ( s )
sL s
s-Domain Models for Capacitor
• For Capacitor, C
i (t ) C
dv(t )
dt
I ( s ) C sV ( s ) v(0 ) sCV ( s ) Cv(0 )
1 v (0 )
or V ( s ) I (s)
sC s
Impedance
• Impedance in the s domain
• Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)
• Admittance in the s domain
• Y(s)=1/Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)
• Assuming zero initial conditions
Element Z(s)
Resistor R
Inductor sL
Capacitor 1/sC
Example 1
• Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below, assuming
zero initial conditions.
•
Solution
• Transform the circuit from the time domain to the s
domain, we have
•
•
•
•
• Apply mesh analysis, on solving for V0(s)
• 1 1 3 I 3 I 0 (1) 3
1 2 I2
s s s s 3 8s 2 18s
•
3 3 3
I1 s 5 I 2 0 (2) V ( s ) sI
• s s o 2
s 2 8s 18
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform give
• 3 2 3 4t
V0 ( s ) v0 (t ) e sin( 2t ) V, t 0
• 2 ( s 4) ( 2 )
2 2
2
•
Exercise (1)
• Determine v0(t) in the circuit shown below,
assuming zero initial conditions.
•
Exercise (1)(Solution)
• Determine v0(t) in the circuit shown below,
assuming zero initial conditions.
•
Sdomain
Exercise (2)
• Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below. Assume
v0(0) = 5V
Exercise (2)(Solution)
• Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below. Assume
v0(0) = 5V
•
•
•
•
•
• Apply Nodal Analysis at Vo(s)
Exercise (3)
• The switch shown below has been in position b
for a long time. It is moved to position a at t=0.
Determine v(t) for t > 0.
•
Exercise (3)(Solution)
• The switch shown below has been in position b for a long
time. It is moved to position a at t=0. Determine v(t) for t >
0.
•
Exercise (4)
• Consider the circuit below. Find the value of the
voltage across the capacitor assuming that the
value of vs(t)=10u(t) V and assume that at t=0,
1A flows through the inductor and +5V is
across the capacitor.
•
Exercise (4)(Solution)
• Find the value of the voltage across the capacitor assuming
that the value of vs(t)=10u(t) V and assume that at t=0, 1A
flows through the inductor and +5V is across the capacitor.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• sdomain
models for Inductor &
Capacitor;
•
•
Exercise (4)(Solution)
Exercise (5)
• The initial energy in the circuit below is zero at t=0.
Assume that vs=30u(t) V.
(a) Find V0(s) using the Thevenin theorem.
(b) Apply the initial and finalvalue theorem to find v0(0)
and v0(∞).
(c) Obtain v0(t).
•
Exercise (5)(Solution)
• To find Vth , remove 2 Ω . Use Mesh Analysis;
•
• To find ISC , short circuit 2 Ω . Use Nodal Analysis;
•
Exercise (5)(Solution)
•
• Vo = ????
•
end OF chapter 2