Digital Communications I:

Modulation and Coding Course

Term 3 - 2008
Catharina Logothetis
Lecture 7
 Last time we talked about:
 Another source of error due to filtering
effect of the system:
 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
 The techniques to reduce ISI
 Pulse shaping to achieve zero ISI at the
sampling time
 Equalization to combat the filtering effect of
the channel

Lecture 7 2
 Today, we are going to talk about:
 Some bandpass modulation schemes used
in DCS for transmitting information over
channel
 M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM
 How to detect the transmitted information
at the receiver
 Coherent detection
 Non-coherent detection

Lecture 7 3
 Block diagram of a DCS

Source Channel Pulse Bandpass

Format encode encode modulate modulate

Digital modulation

Channel
Digital demodulation

Source Channel Demod.

Format Detect
decode decode Sample

Lecture 7 4
 Bandpass modulation
 Bandpass modulation: The process of converting
a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform where its
amplitude, phase or frequency, or a combination of
them, are varied in accordance with the transmitting
data.
 Bandpass signal:
2 Ei
si (t ) = gT (t ) cos( ω c t + (i − 1)∆ ω t + φ i (t ) ) 0 ≤ t ≤ T
T

where gT (t ) is the baseband pulse shape with energy E g .

 We assume here (otherwise will be stated):
 g (t ) is a rectangular pulse shape with unit energy.
T
 Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols. 1
∑
M
 Es denotes average symbol energy given by E s = E
i = 1 5i
Lecture 7 M
 Demodulation and detection
 Demodulation: The receiver signal is converted to
baseband, filtered and sampled.
 Detection: Sampled values are used for detection
using a decision rule such as the ML detection rule.

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫ 0
 z1 
r (t )   = z
z Decision
circuits m̂
ψ N (t )   (ML detector)
T  z N 
∫ 0 zN

Lecture 7 6
 Coherent detection
 Coherent detection
 requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform
phase estimation.
 Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at the
receiver:
 Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in
the received signal.
 The oscillators at the receiver which generate

the carrier signal, are not usually phased locked

to the transmitted carrier.

Lecture 7 7
 Coherent detection ..
 Circuits such as Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) are
implemented at the receiver for carrier phase
estimation ( α ≈ αˆ ).
I branch
2 Ei 2
r (t ) = gT (t ) cos( ω i t + φ i (t ) + α ) + n(t ) cos( ω ct + αˆ )
T T
PLL
Used by
Oscillator 90 deg. correlators
2
sin ( ω c t + αˆ )
T
Q branch

Lecture 7 8
 Bandpass Modulation Schemes

 One dimensional waveforms

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM)
 Two dimensional waveforms
 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(M-QAM)
 Multidimensional waveforms
 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)

Lecture 7 9
 One dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:

2 Ei
si (t ) = cos( ω c t + φ )
T
On-off keying (M=2):
si (t ) = aiψ 1 (t ) i = 1,  , M “0” “1”
s2 s1
2
cos( ω c t + φ ) ψ 1 (t )
ψ 1 (t ) = 0 E1
T
ai = Ei

Lecture 7 10
 One dimensional mod.,…
 M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM)

2
si (t ) = ai cos( ω c t )
T
4-PAM:
si (t ) = aiψ 1 (t ) i = 1,  , M “00” “01” “11” “10”
2 s1 s2 s3 s4
ψ 1 (t ) = cos( ω c t ) − 3 Eg − Eg 3 Eg
ψ 1 (t )
T 0 Eg

ai = (2i − 1 − M ) E g

= E g ( 2i − 1 − M )
2 2
Ei = s i
( M 2 − 1)
Es = Eg
3
Lecture 7 11
Example of bandpass modulation:
Binary PAM

Lecture 7 12
 One dimensional mod.,...–cont’d
 Coherent detection of M-PAM

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫
ML detector
r (t ) (Compare with M-1 thresholds) m̂
0

Lecture 7 13
 Two dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection (M-PSK)
 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)

2 Es  2π i 
si (t ) = cos ω c t + 
T  M 

si (t ) = ai1ψ 1 (t ) + ai 2ψ 2 (t ) i = 1,, M
2 2
ψ 1 (t ) = cos( ω ct ) ψ 2 (t ) = − sin ( ω ct )
T T
 2π i   2π i 
ai1 = Es cos  ai 2 = Es sin  
 M   M 
2
Es = Ei = s i

Lecture 7 14
 Two dimensional mod.,… (MPSK)
BPSK (M=2)
ψ 2 (t )
“0” “1”
8PSK (M=8)
s1 s2
ψ 2 (t )
− Eb Eb ψ 1 (t ) s3 “011”
“010” “001”
s4 s2
QPSK (M=4) Es

ψ 2 (t ) “110” s“000”
1

s 2“01” “00”
s1 s5 ψ 1 (t )

“111” “100”
Es
s6 s8
ψ 1 (t )
“101” s7

s3 “11” “10”
s4
Lecture 7 15
 Two dimensional mod.,…(MPSK)
 Coherent detection of MPSK

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫ 0
r (t ) z1 φˆ Compute Choose m̂
arctan
ψ 2 (t ) z2 | φ i − φˆ | smallest
T
∫ 0
z2

Lecture 7 16
 Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)
2 Ei
si (t ) = cos( ω c t + ϕ i )
T
si (t ) = ai1ψ 1 (t ) + ai 2ψ 2 (t ) i = 1,  , M
2 2
ψ 1 (t ) = cos( ω c t ) ψ 2 (t ) = sin ( ω c t )
T T
2( M − 1)
where ai1 and ai 2 are PAM symbols and Es =
3
 (− M + 1, M − 1) (− M + 3, M − 1)  ( M − 1, M − 1) 
 
( − M + 1, M − 3) ( − M + 3, M − 3)  ( M − 1, M − 3)
( ai1 , ai 2 ) =  

   
 
 (− M + 1,− M + 1) (− M + 3,− M + 1)  ( M − 1,− M + 1)

Lecture 7 17
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)

16-QAM
ψ 2 (t )
“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
s1 s2 3
s3 s4

“1000” “1001” “1011” “1010”

s5 s6 s7 s8
1
-3 -1 1 3
ψ 1 (t )
s9 s10 -1
s
11 s
12
“1100” “1101” “1111” “1110”

s13 s14 -3
s
15 s
16
“0100” “0101” “0111” “0110”

Lecture 7 18
 Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)

 Coherent detection of M-QAM

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
ML detector
∫ 0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)

r (t ) Parallel-to-serial
m̂
converter
ψ 2 (t )
T z2
ML detector
∫ 0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)

Lecture 7 19
Multi-dimensional modulation, demodulation &
detection
 M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)

2 Es 2 Es
si (t ) = cos( ω i t ) = cos( ω c t + (i − 1) ∆ ω t )
T T
∆ω 1
∆f = =
2π 2T
ψ 3 (t )
M
si (t ) = ∑
j= 1
aijψ j (t ) i = 1,  , M s3
Es

2  Es i = j
ψ i (t ) = cos( ω i t ) aij =  s2
T 0 i≠ j ψ 2 (t )
Es
2
E s = Ei = s i s1
Es

ψ 1 (t )
Lecture 7 20
 Multi-dimensional mod.,…(M-FSK)

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫ 0
 z1  ML detector:
r (t )   = z
z Choose
the largest element m̂
ψ M (t )   in the observed vector
T  z M 
∫ 0 zM

Lecture 7 21
 Non-coherent detection
 Non-coherent detection:
 No need for a reference in phase with the
received carrier
 Less complexity compared to coherent

detection at the price of higher error rate.

Lecture 7 22
 Non-coherent detection …
 Differential coherent detection
 Differential encoding of the message
 The symbol phase changes if the current bit is
different from the previous bit.
2E
si (t ) = cos( ω 0t + θ i (t ) ) , 0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1,...,M
T
θ k (nT ) = θ k ((n − 1)T ) + φ i (nT )

φi
Symbol index: k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Data bits: mk 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Diff. encoded bits 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 s2 0 s1 ψ 1 (t )
Symbol phase: θ k π π π 0 0 π π π

Lecture 7 23
 Non-coherent detection …
 Coherent detection for diff encoded mod.
 assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch during
two symbol intervals.
 correlates the received signal with basis functions

 uses the phase difference between the current received

vector and previously estimated symbol

2E
r (t ) = cos( ω 0t + θ i (t ) + α ) + n(t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ T
T
(θ i (nT ) + α ) − (θ j ((n − 1)T ) + α ) = θ i (nT ) − θ j ((n − 1)T ) = φ i (nT )
ψ 2 (t )
(a2 , b2 )
φi (a1 , b1 )

Lecture 7
ψ 124
(t )
 Non-coherent detection …
 Optimum differentially coherent detector
ψ 1 (t )
T
r (t )
∫ 0
Decision m̂
Delay
T
 Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector
T
r (t )
∫ 0
Decision m̂
Delay
T

 Performance degradation about 3 dB by using sub-

optimal detector

Lecture 7 25
 Non-coherent detection …
 Energy detection
 Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals
(e.g. M-FSK)

 Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation

between I and Q branches for each candidate signal.

 The received energy corresponding to each candidate

signal is used for detection.

Lecture 7 26
 Non-coherent detection …
 Non-coherent detection of BFSK
2 / T cos(ω 1t )

T z11
( )2
∫
0 2 2
z11 + z12
2 / T sin(ω 1t )
T z12
r (t )
∫
0
( )2 + z (T )
Decision stage:
m̂
2 / T cos(ω 2 t ) if z (T ) > 0, mˆ = 1
z 21 if z (T ) < 0, mˆ = 0
T
( )2 -
∫
0

2 2
2 / T sin(ω 2t ) z 21 + z 22
T z 22
∫
0
( )2

Lecture 7 27