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Sharda Global School: Number of Outcomes Favourable To A P Number of All Possible Outcomes of The Experiment

This document provides important formulas and concepts related to probability. It discusses experimental and theoretical probability, mutually exclusive and complementary events, decks of cards, and multiple choice probability questions. Key points covered include the formulas for experimental and theoretical probability, that the probabilities of complementary events sum to 1, and examples of outcomes when flipping coins or drawing cards from a standard deck. Multiple choice questions ask the reader to calculate probabilities for common chance experiments like coin flips and draws from a deck of cards.

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75 views2 pages

Sharda Global School: Number of Outcomes Favourable To A P Number of All Possible Outcomes of The Experiment

This document provides important formulas and concepts related to probability. It discusses experimental and theoretical probability, mutually exclusive and complementary events, decks of cards, and multiple choice probability questions. Key points covered include the formulas for experimental and theoretical probability, that the probabilities of complementary events sum to 1, and examples of outcomes when flipping coins or drawing cards from a standard deck. Multiple choice questions ask the reader to calculate probabilities for common chance experiments like coin flips and draws from a deck of cards.

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SHARDA GLOBAL SCHOOL

Bukru, Kanke, Ranchi


CLASS X
CHAPTER - 15
PROBABILITY
IMPORTANT FORMULAS & CONCEPTS

PROBABILITY
Experimental or empirical probability P(E) of an event E is
Numberof trials in which the event happened
P(E) =
Total number of trials
The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event A, written as P(A), is defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
P ( A) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
Two or more events of an experiment, where occurrence of an event prevents occurrences of all other events, are
called Mutually Exclusive Events.

COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS AND PROBABILITY


We denote the event 'not E' by E . This is called the complement event of event E.
So, P(E) + P(not E) = 1
i.e., P(E) + P( E ) = 1, which gives us P( E) = 1 – P( E ).
In general, it is true that for an event E, P(E ) = 1 – P( E ).

Important Points
❖ The probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an impossible event.
❖ The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure event or a
certain event.
❖ The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
❖ An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events of an experiment is 1.

DECK OF CARDS AND PROBABILITY


A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each. They are
Black spades (♠),
Black clubs (♣),
Red hearts (♥), and
Red diamonds (♦)
The cards in each suit are Ace, King, Queen and Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Kings, Queens and Jacks are
called face cards.

Equally likely events: Two or more events are said to be equally likely if each one of them has an equal chance of
occurrence.
Mutually Exclusive events: Two or more events are mutually exclusive if the occurrence of each event prevents the
every other event.

Complementary events: Consider an event has few outcomes. Event of all other outcomes in the sample survey
which are not in the favorable event is called Complementary event.

Exhaustive events: All the events are exhaustive events if their union is the sample space.

Sure events: The sample space of a random experiment is called sure or certain event as any one of its elements will
surely occur in any trail of the experiment.

Impossible event: An event which will occur on any account is called an impossible event.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A coin is flipped to decide which team starts the game. What is the probability of your team will start?
(a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 (d) 0
2. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
a. at least one head
b. at most one head
c. exactly two head
d. exactly one head
e. no head
f. no tail
g. at least one tail
h. at most one tail
i. exactly two tails
j. exactly one tail
3. A coin is tossed two times. Find the probability of getting at most one head.
4. A coin is tossed 3 times. List the possible outcomes. Find the probability of getting (i) all heads (ii) at least
2 heads
5. Sushma tosses a coin 3 times and gets tail each time. Do you think that the outcome of next toss will be a
tail? Give reasons.
6. If I toss a coin 3 times and get head each time, should I expect a tail to have a higher chance in the 4th toss?
Give reason in support of your answer.
7. Three coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting
a. exactly two heads
b. at least two heads
c. at most two heads
d. one head or two heads
e. exactly one tail
f. at least one tail
g. at most one tail
h. at least two tails
i. at most two tails
j. exactly two tails
k. no head
l. no tail
8. Four coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting
a. exactly one head
b. exactly two heads
c. exactly three heads
d. at least one head
e. at most one head

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