THIN CYLINDER TEST

Group B1:

ME18BTECH11027 G.Praneeth

ME18BTECH11028 P.Sadhana

ME18BTECH11029 P.Bhargav

ME18BTECH11030 Priyanshu

Thin Cylinder Test:

Thin cylinder is a cylinder whose wall thickness to internal diameter ratio is less than 1/20. Thin walled
cylinders are used as boiler shells, Pressure tanks, pipes and in other low-pressure processing
equipment. In general, three types of stresses are developed in pressure cylinders. . Circumferential or
hoop stress, longitudinal stress in closed end cylinders and radial stresses

When thin walled tube or cylinder is subjected to internal pressure stresses are produced in wall which
causes strains in it. There are two types of stresses produced in cylinder wall. Hoop stress and
longitudinal stress. The longitudinal stress is parallel to axis of cylinder and hoop cylinder is along
circumference. Thick cylinders are different form thin cylinders in following ways.

 In thin cylinders the hoop stresses are assumed to be constant across the thickness of cylinder
wall.
 In thin cylinders there is no pressure gradient across the wall.
 In thick cylinders neither of these assumptions can be used.

Relations for strains are given as follows:

ε1 = 1/2(εa+ εc) + 1/2[(εa- εc)2 + (2 εb- εa - εc)2]1/2

ε2 = 1/2(εa+ εc) – 1/2[(εa- εc)2 + (2 εb- εa - εc)2]1/2

Tan 2Ф = (2 εb- εa - εc)/ (εa- εc)

σ1 = [E/(1- ν2)]( ε1+ ν ε2)

σ2 = [E/ (1- ν2)](ε2+ ν ε1)

I1 = σ1/ P

I2= σ2/ P

Two different conditions of pressure loading will be tested: “open end” and “close end”. Using this
computerized thin cylinder experiment we will introduce varying amounts of pressure into the cylinder
and utilizing strain gage readings on the surface of the cylinder to determine Young’s modulus (E),
Poisson’s ratio(ν), and to study the strain Mohr’s circles of the two different end conditions.
Aim:
To determine the Young’s Modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio (v) and to draw the Mohr's circle for closed and
open-ended cylinder at different pressures.

Apparatus:

TQ SM1007 Computerized Thin Cylinder made of aluminum and has a strain gages attached to it.

Description:
Thin-walled aluminum cylinder containing a freely supported piston.

it can be moved in or out to change the final state by using the adjusting screw. Various

pressure measuring operations 0-3.5 MN / m2 are mounted on the cylinder. Pressure is

applied to the cylinder by closing the back valve, located near the pump outlet, and operates

the self-pumping pump unit operator. To release the pressure release the valve back.

Open end condition:

When the hand wheel is screwed in, it forces the piston away from the end plate and the entire axial
load is taken on the frame, thus relieving the cylinder of all longitudinal stress. This creates open ends.
Pure axial load transmission from the cylinder to frame is ensured by the hardened steel rollers situated
at the end of the locking screw and hand wheel.
Closed end condition:
When the hand wheel is screwed out, the pressurized oil in the cylinder forces the piston

against caps at the end of the cylinder and become ‘closed Ends’ of the cylinder. The cylinder

wall then takes the axial (longitudinal) stress.

Strain Gauge:

Six active strain gauges are cemented onto the cylinder in the position. These are self-temperature
compensation gauges and are selected to match the thermal characteristics of the thin cylinder. Each
gauge forms one arm of a bridge, the other three arms consisting of close tolerance high stability
resistors mounted on a p.c.b. To give a direct reading of strain, the reading from a strain gauge is
multiplied by a constant called the gauge factor. The gauge factor usually varies between 1.8 and 2.2.
The manufacturer set the gauge factor into the electronic circuit of the SM1007, thus allowances no
need to be considered. The strain display on the front of the equipment shows the reading from each
strain gauge in micro strain. The display shows only four reading at a time, use the scroll reading button
to scroll up or down to see all six values. Negative reading is a compressive strain and positive reading is
a tensile strain.

Theory:
There are 3 kinds of stresses under the internal pressure of gases.

 Hoop’s stress or circumferential stress

 Longitudinal stress
 Radial stress

Because this is a thin cylinder, i.e. the ratio of wall thickness to internal diameter is less than about 1/20,
throughout the wall thickness and in all subsequent theory the radial stress, which is small will be
ignored. In symmetry the two principal stresses will be circumferential (hoop) and longitudinal and
these will be calculated as under

σL be the longitudinal stress and σH be the Hoop’s stress

D be the diameter of cylinder

t be the thickness of the cylinder

P be the internal pressure

Then

For Hoop’s stress:

ΣFnet = 0

σ(2t Δx) - P(D Δx) = 0

This gives

σH = PD/2t

For longitudinal stress:

ΣFx = 0

σ(πDt) - P(π/4)D2 = 0

Solving this gives,

σL = PD/4t
The thin cylinder has two conditions which are open ends condition and closed ends condition. For open
ends condition, it has no constraint and have longitudinal component of stress σL will be zero,
unfortunately there will be some strain in this condition due to the ‘Poisson effect’.

Hoop Strain: ε = σH / E

Longitudinal strain: ε = (-ν σL) / E

ν is the Poisson’s ratio

E is the Young’s Modulus of Elasticity.

For closed ends condition, with constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as circumferential stress will
be imposed upon the cylinder. The strains due to hoop stresses are given by,

ε = σH / E

ε = (-vσH )/E

The strains due to longitudinal stress are given by,

ε = σL/ E

ε = (-ν σL) / E

Net longitudinal and hoop strains,

εL = (σH - ν σL) / E

εH = (σL - ν σH) / E

For net longitudinal and hoop stresses,

σ = Eε
Procedure for both open ended and closed ended:
 The pressure control is opened and the hand wheel is screwed so that the open ends condition
can be obtained.
 The pressured control is closed. Then, the ‘press & hold to zero’ button is pressed to ensure that
the reading for strain gauge display reading is zero.
 Using the pump, increase the pressure by 0.5MPa and note the corresponding 6 strain gauge
readings.
 Now, unscrew the hand wheel on the right-hand side of the cylinder so that it stimulates an
‘closed-end’ condition and repeat the whole process again.

Specifications:
PROPERTIES Values
Length of the cylinder 359mm
Thickness of the cylinder 3mm
Internal diameter of the cylinder 80mm
Material Aged aluminum 6063
Pressure range of the apparatus 0-5 MPa
Operating range in the experiment 0-3MPa

OBSERVATIONS: