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Working Principle of A D.C Motor or How A D.C Motor Rotates

1) A DC motor rotates when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, which exerts a force on the conductor. 2) The interaction between the magnetic fields created by the armature and field poles produces a turning effect in the motor, converting electrical energy to mechanical energy. 3) As the armature rotates, a back EMF is induced that opposes the applied voltage and acts like a governor to regulate the motor speed.

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Xahid Hasan
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54 views3 pages

Working Principle of A D.C Motor or How A D.C Motor Rotates

1) A DC motor rotates when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, which exerts a force on the conductor. 2) The interaction between the magnetic fields created by the armature and field poles produces a turning effect in the motor, converting electrical energy to mechanical energy. 3) As the armature rotates, a back EMF is induced that opposes the applied voltage and acts like a governor to regulate the motor speed.

Uploaded by

Xahid Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Working principle of a d.c motor or how a D.

C motor rotates
An electric motor is a machine which convents electrical energy in to mechanical energy.
Motor working principle is that when a conductor carry current and if that conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, the current carrying conductor must experience a force by the
magnitude F=BIL Newton. Where B is flux density, I is the current carried by armature
(or conductor) L is the length of conductor. This force tends to rotates the armature.
Current in the armature conductors set up a small magnetic field in each of those under
the poles. Reaction of the fields associated with the conductors and the magnetic fields of
the poles produces a turning effect in the motor. That is mechanical power developed by
a motor results from the interaction between the magnetic fields created by the armature
and the field poles. Thus electric energy converts into mechanical energy by the
motor.

Fig-1

When its field magnets are excited and its armature conductors are supplied with current
form the supply main through brush and commutator. The conductors experience a force
tending to rotate the armature. Let us assume that the armature conductor under N-pole
carry current downward ( cross ) and that under S- pole to carry current upwards ( dots) .
By applying fleming left hand (for motor) rule, the direction of force on conductor
experiences a force F which tends to rotate the armature in clockwise direction.

Fig-2
Back. e.m.f (Eb) of a motor and its significance (or Eb acts like a governor ) :

As soon the armature starts rotating, the conductors also rotates and hence cuts the
magnetic flux. According to the law of electromagnetic induction, e.m.f is induced in the
conductors whose direction is opposition to the applied voltage. Due to the opposition
tendency, it is called as back e.m.f or counter e.m.f. Its value is the same as for the

Φ NZ
motionally induced e.m.f in the generator i,e E b = 60 (PФ/A) volts. The rotating
armature generating the back e.m.f. Eb is like a battery of e.m.f . This E b put across a
supply mains of V volts. Obviously V has to drive Ia current against the opposition of
Eb. Power required to overcome this opposition is Eb x Ia.

Motor voltage equation, V = Eb= IaRa [ where V = supply voltage, Ia= armature

resistance , R a = armature resistance


NφZ
×P / A
= V – Eb / Ra ___(1) Eb = 60
Ia ____ (2)

N = speed of armature, Ф = flux / pole, Z = number of conductors, P = pole , A = parallel

paths of currents

From equation (1) I a = V – Eb / Ra where Ra is the resistance of armature circuit.

Back e.m.f depends upon the armature speed. If speed is high, E b is large, hence armature
current is small.
If speed is less, then Eb is less, more current flows through armature which develop more
torque. So we find that Eb acts like a governor. That is it makes a motor self regulating so
that it draws as much current as it just necessary.
Motor voltage equation:
Motor volgate equation is V = E b + Ia Ra. Here V is the voltage applied to the armature,
Eb is the back e.m.f. being generated and Ia xR a is the armature voltage drop caused by
the armature current Ia passing through the armature resistance Ra. If where the brush
voltage drop is given, then due allowance most be made for this. It should be noted that
the equation is comparable with the generator terminal voltage equation, V = E- Ia Ra
and a thought about the difference in the two equations will summarise the basics of
generator and motor action. Where V is the generator terminal voltage, E is the generated
voltage
prove that the rotational Speed (N) ¿ V/ Ф

We know, the motor terminal voltage equation V = Eb + Ia Ra or Eb = V- Ia Ra ___(i)


But Eb =. NZ Ф / 60 x P /A Eb being a generated e.m.f. Putting the value of Eb in eqn (i) We
get NZ Ф / 60 x P /A = V- Ia x Ra OR, N = (V- Ia Ra) (60 x A) / PZ Ф (ii) ____(ii)

Where φ = the flux/pole (weber). Z= the number of armature conductors. A= the number of
parallel paths of the armature winding. P = the number of poles. Ia = the armature current. Ra =
the armature resistance. V = the supply voltage/the voltage across the armature terminal. N = the
speed of revolutions per minute. 60, A.Z.P all are constants. So from equation (ii) We can write,
N= K ( V – Ia Ra ) / Ф = K E b / Ф ___ (iii) Since Eb = V- Ia xRa
The true relation of Speed is N ¿ Eb / Ф but under working conditions the value of E b is not
very different from that of V, for the purposes of approximation, The voltage drop Ia xRa being
small, can be neglected. So the speed of motor N ¿ E b / Ф Or, N ¿ V/Ф .
Motor speed is directly proportional to V and inversely to flux Ф .
Raise the armature voltage and speed rises, lower the armature voltage and speed falls.
On the other hand, lower or weaken the flux and speed rises, strengthen flux and speed falls.

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