MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5

L3 (Fall 2019)

Solution to Extra Problem Set 5

1. The region 𝑅 in ℝ2 defined by the inequality 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 6𝑦 is the closed 𝑧

2 3
disk in ℝ of radius 3 centered at (0, 3). Now the surface in ℝ defined
𝑧 = √6𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
by the equation
𝑦
𝑧 = √6𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
3 𝑅
represents the upper hemisphere of radius 3 centered at (0, 3, 0), whose
projection onto the 𝑥𝑦-plane can be identified with the region 𝑅. 𝑥

So the double integral ∬𝑅 √6𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 simply represents the volume of the upper half of the solid ball of
radius 3 centered at (0, 3, 0), which is
1 4𝜋
∬ √6𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = [ (3)3 ] = 18𝜋.
𝑅 2 3

2. Suppose on the contrary that there exists a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) at which

𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) − 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) > 0.
Since 𝑓𝑥𝑦 − 𝑓𝑦𝑥 is continuous, it remains to be positive over some closed rectangle 𝑅 = [𝑎, 𝑏] × [𝑐, 𝑑] containing
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ). Therefore
𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
0 < ∬ [𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)]𝑑𝐴 = ∫ (∫ 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎

𝑏 𝑑
= ∫ [𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑑) − 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑐)]𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑓𝑦 (𝑏, 𝑦) − 𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

= [𝑓(𝑏, 𝑑) − 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑑)] − [𝑓(𝑏, 𝑐) − 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑐)] − [𝑓(𝑏, 𝑑) − 𝑓(𝑏, 𝑐)] + [𝑓(𝑎, 𝑑) − 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑐)]
= 0,
which is a contradiction. ∎

3. Note that

𝜕 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑥)(2𝑥) 𝑦2 − 𝑥 2
= = ,
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

so the first iterated integral is

1 1
𝑥 2 − 𝑦2 1
𝑥 𝑥=1 1
1 𝜋
∫ ∫ 2 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [− 2 2
] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 2
𝑑𝑦 = [− arctan 𝑦]10 = − .
0 0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 0 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥=0 0 1+𝑦 4

Similarly, since

𝜕 𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑦)(2𝑦) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
= = ,
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

the second iterated integral is

1 1
𝑥 2 − 𝑦2 1
𝑦 𝑦=1 1
1 𝜋
∫ ∫ 2 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ 2 2
] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = [arctan 𝑥]10 = .
0 0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 0 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦=0 0 𝑥 +1 4

So the two iterated integrals are not equal.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
This does not contradict Theorem 5.11, because the integrand 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 is not integrable on the closed
+𝑦 2 )2

square 𝑅 = [0, 1] × [0, 1]. In other words, the double integral

𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
∬ 2 2 2
𝑑𝐴
𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )

does not exist.

4. Let 𝑅 be the unit disk in ℝ2 centered at the origin, i.e. 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1}. Then the required
volume is
1 √1−𝑦 2 1
∬ (2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2 − 𝑦)2√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 −1 −√1−𝑦 2 −1

1 1
= 4 ∫ √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 2𝑦√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
−1 ⏟−1
=0, odd integrand

= 4 ⋅ (Area of a half-disk with radius 1) = 2𝜋.

Alternative solution: By symmetry, the solid is half of the portion of the solid cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 which lies
1
between the planes 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 4. So its volume is [𝜋(1)2 (4)] = 2𝜋.
2

5. (a) 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦=1
𝑥 = 𝑦2
1
𝑅 𝑅
𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑥 𝑥
0 1 0

2
1 1
𝑦3 + 1 1 𝑦
𝑦3 + 1 1
𝑦3 + 1
∫ ∫ sin 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 2 sin 𝑑𝑦
0 √𝑥 2 0 0 2 0 2
1
2 𝑦3 + 1 2 1
= [− cos ] = (cos − cos 1).
3 2 0
3 2

𝑦 𝑦
(b)
𝜋
2
𝑥=1
2𝑦 𝜋𝑥
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝜋 2
𝑅 𝑅
𝑥 𝑥
0 0 1
𝑦=0
𝜋 𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋𝑥
1 1 1 1
2 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦= 2 1 1
∫ ∫ cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ cos 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥 sin ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 2 ] = .
0
2𝑦 𝑥 0 0 𝑥 0 𝑥 𝑦=0 0 2 0 2
𝜋

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

(c) 𝑦 𝑦

𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = √1 − 𝑦 2
𝑥=0 1

𝑅 𝑅
𝑥 𝑥
0 1 0
𝑦=0

1 √1−𝑥 2 1 √1−𝑦 2
1 1
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0 (1 + 𝑒 𝑦 )√1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 0 0 (1 + 𝑒 𝑦 )√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
1 √1−𝑦 2
1 1
=∫ 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 1 + 𝑒 0 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
1 𝑥=√1−𝑦 2
1 𝑥
=∫ 𝑦
[arcsin ] 𝑑𝑦
0 1 + 𝑒 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑥=0

𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝑒 1
= ∫ 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 0 1+𝑒 2 1 𝑢(1 + 𝑢)

𝜋 𝑒 1 1 𝜋 𝜋 2𝑒
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑢 = [ln 𝑢 − ln(1 + 𝑢)]1𝑒 = ln ,
2 1 𝑢 1+𝑢 2 2 1+𝑒

where we have used the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑦 .

(d) 𝑦 𝑦
1 1
𝑦= 𝑥=
𝑥 𝑦

𝑥=0

𝑅 𝑅
𝑥 𝑥
0 1 0
𝑦=𝑥 𝑥=𝑦
Since the integrand is non-negative, we can swap the order of integration in this improper double integral, so
1 1
1
𝑥 𝑦2 1 𝑦
𝑦2 𝑡
𝑦 𝑦2
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + lim ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 √1 + 𝑦 2 0 0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑡→+∞ 1 0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 √1 + 𝑦 2
1
1
1 𝑥=𝑦
𝑦2 𝑡
𝑦2 1 𝑥=𝑦
=∫ [− ] 𝑑𝑦 + lim ∫ [− ] 𝑑𝑦
0 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥=0 𝑡→+∞ 1 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥=0
1
𝑦2 1 1 𝑡
𝑦2 1 𝑦
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦 + lim ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
0 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 2𝑦 𝑡→+∞ 1 √1 + 𝑦
2 𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
1 𝑡
1 𝑦 𝑦
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 + lim ∫ 3 𝑑𝑦
0 2 √1 + 𝑦 2 𝑡→+∞ 1
(1 + 𝑦 2 )2
1 𝑡
1 1 1
= [ √1 + 𝑦 2 ] + lim [− ] = √2 − .
2 0 𝑡→+∞ √1 + 𝑦 2 2
1

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

6. Let
𝑦
𝑅1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 ≥ 𝑦}, 𝑦=1

𝑅2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 < 𝑦}.

𝑦=𝑥
Then 𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑥
∬ 𝑒 |𝑥−𝑦| 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑒 |𝑥−𝑦| 𝑑𝐴 + ∬ 𝑒 |𝑥−𝑦| 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + ∬ 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝐴 0 1
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑦=0
1 𝑥 1 1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 𝑥

1 1
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦=1
= ∫ [−𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 ]𝑦=0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ [𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 ]𝑦=𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 1
= ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑒 1−𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 − 4.
0 0

7. We convert to polar coordinates using the usual transformation formulas 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃. Then the
𝜋 𝜋
region 𝑅 is defined by the inequalities ≤𝜃≤ and 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 3. For every (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 we also have
6 3

𝑦 𝑟 sin 𝜃
arctan = arctan = arctan(tan 𝜃) = 𝜃
𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃
(why is the last equality true?). Therefore
𝜋 𝜋
3 3
𝑦 3 3
∬ arctan 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = (∫ 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) (∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 )
𝑅 𝑥 𝜋
1
𝜋
1
6 6

1 𝜋 2 1 𝜋 2 1 1 𝜋2
= [ ( ) − ( ) ] [ (3)2 − (1)2 ] = .
2 3 2 6 2 2 6

8. Let 𝑅 be the given region. Then 𝑅 is defined in polar coordinates by the inequalities
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤𝜃≤ and 2 − cos 𝜃 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1 + cos 𝜃 .
3 3
𝑦
𝜋
𝜃=
3
𝑟 = 1 + cos 𝜃

𝑥
0 2
𝑅

𝑟 = 2 − cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝜃=−
3

Therefore the area of 𝑅 is

𝜋 𝜋
1+cos 𝜃
3 1 3 1
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ (1 + cos 𝜃)2 − (2 − cos 𝜃)2 ] 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 2 2
𝑅 − 2−cos 𝜃 −
3 3
𝜋 𝜋
3 3 3 3
= ∫ (3 cos 𝜃 − ) 𝑑𝜃 = [3 sin 𝜃 − 𝜃] 𝜋 = 3√3 − 𝜋.
−
𝜋 2 2 −
3 3

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

9. (a) The improper double integral converges by the “𝑝-test”. Hence by converting to polar coordinates, we have
2𝜋 𝑡
𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃
∬ 3 𝑑𝐴 = lim ∫ ∫ 3 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
ℝ2 (𝑥 2 𝑡→+∞ 0
+ 𝑦 2 + 𝑎 2 )2 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )2

2𝜋 𝑡
𝑟2
= lim (∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ 3 𝑑𝑟 )
𝑡→+∞ ⏟ 0 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
=0

= lim 0 = 0.
𝑡→+∞

Alternative solution: First of all, the improper double integral converges by the “𝑝-test”. Next, since the
𝑥
integrand 3 is an odd function of 𝑥 and the region of integration ℝ2 is symmetric about the line
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑎2 )2

𝑥 = 0, we have
𝑥
∬ 3 𝑑𝐴 = 0.
ℝ2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 )2

(b) The integrand is non-negative, so we may convert to polar coordinates. Then we have
2𝜋 𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
∬ 3 𝑑𝐴 = lim ∫ ∫ 3 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
ℝ2 (𝑥 2 𝑡→+∞ 0
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑎 2 )2 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )2
2𝜋 𝑡
𝑎𝑟
= lim (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ 3 𝑑𝑟 )
𝑡→+∞ 0 0 (𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑎 𝑡
= (2𝜋) lim [− ]
𝑡→+∞ √𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 0

𝑎
= 2𝜋 lim (1 − ) = 2𝜋.
𝑡→+∞ √𝑡 2 + 𝑎2

10. The whole sphere in ℝ3 with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4𝑧, or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 2)2 = 22 , can be parametrized by
𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣
{𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣
𝑧 − 2 = 2 cos 𝑢
where 𝑢 ∈ [0, 𝜋] and 𝑣 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]. The required portion of the sphere also needs to satisfy 𝑧 ≥ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , i.e.
2 + 2 cos 𝑢 ≥ (2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣)2 + (2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣)2
or simply 2 + 2 cos 𝑢 ≥ 4 sin2 𝑢. This inequality reduces to
4 cos 2 𝑢 + 2 cos 𝑢 − 2 ≥ 0,
1 𝜋
and on solving this inequality we get cos 𝑢 ≥ , and so 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ . Thus the parametrization of the required
2 3
portion of sphere can be expressed as the vector-valued function 𝐫: 𝑅 → ℝ3 defined by
𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 2 cos 𝑢〉,
where 𝑅 is the closed rectangular region
𝜋
𝑅 = {(𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ and 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2𝜋} .
3

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

Now for every (𝑢, 𝑣) in the interior of 𝑅 , we have 𝐫𝑢 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈2 cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 2 cos 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , −2 sin 𝑢〉 and
𝐫𝑣 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈−2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 0〉, and so
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
(𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 )(𝑢, 𝑣) = | 2 cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 2 cos 𝑢 sin 𝑣 −2 sin 𝑢| = 〈4 sin2 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 4 sin2 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 4 cos 𝑢 sin 𝑢〉.
−2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 0
Therefore the required portion of sphere has surface area
𝜋
2𝜋
3
∬ ‖𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 ‖𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ √(4 sin2 𝑢 cos 𝑣)2 + (4 sin2 𝑢 sin 𝑣)2 + (4 cos 𝑢 sin 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑅 0 0
𝜋
2𝜋
3 𝜋
=∫ ∫ 4 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 4(2𝜋) (1 − cos ) = 4𝜋.
0 0 3

Alternative solution (“Graph” approach”): Note that the given sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4𝑧 and the surface of the
2 2
given solid paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 intersect at the circle {𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3. So if we let 𝑅 be the disk in ℝ2
𝑧=3
defined by the inequality 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 3, then the required portion of sphere can be thought of as the graph of the
function 𝑓: 𝑅 → ℝ defined by
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 + √4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
𝑥 𝑦
Since 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − and 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − for every (𝑥, 𝑦) in the interior of 𝑅 , the required
√4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 √4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

portion of sphere has surface area

2 2
2 𝑥 𝑦
∬ √1 + [𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)]2 + [𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)] 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ √1 + (− ) + (− ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑅 √4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 √4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
2𝜋 √3
2 2
=∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑅 √4 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 0 0 √4 − 𝑟 2
2𝜋 √3 2𝑟 √3
= (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ 𝑑𝑟 ) = (2𝜋) [−2√4 − 𝑟 2 ] = 4𝜋.
0 0 √4 − 𝑟 2 0

11. The whole cylinder in ℝ3 with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 6𝑦, or 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 32 , can be parametrized by
𝑥 = 3 cos 𝑢
{𝑦 − 3 = 3 sin 𝑢
𝑧=𝑣
where 𝑢 ∈ [0, 2𝜋] and 𝑣 ∈ (−∞, +∞). The required portion of the sphere also needs to satisfy
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √36 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ,
i.e.
0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ √36 − (3 cos 𝑢)2 − (3 + 3 sin 𝑢)2
or simply 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ √18 − 18 sin 𝑢. Thus the parametrization of the required portion of sphere can be expressed
as the vector-valued function 𝐫: 𝑅 → ℝ3 defined by
𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈3 cos 𝑢 , 3 + 3 sin 𝑢 , 𝑣〉,
where 𝑅 is the closed region
𝑅 = {(𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ √18 − 18 sin 𝑢}.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

Now for every (𝑢, 𝑣) in the interior of 𝑅, we have 𝐫𝑢 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈−3 sin 𝑢 , 3 cos 𝑢 , 0〉 and 𝐫𝑣 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈0, 0, 1〉, so
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
(𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 )(𝑢, 𝑣) = |−3 sin 𝑢 3 cos 𝑢 0 | = 〈3 cos 𝑢 , 3 sin 𝑢 , 0〉.
0 0 1
Thus the required portion of cylinder has surface area
2𝜋 √18−18 sin 𝑢
∬ ‖𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 ‖𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ √(3 cos 𝑢)2 + (3 sin 𝑢)2 + (0)2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑅 0 0

2𝜋 √18−18 sin 𝑢 2𝜋 2𝜋
=∫ ∫ 3 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 3√18 − 18 sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 9√2 ∫ √1 − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 .
0 0 0 0

With the substitution 𝑡 = sin 𝑢, we have 𝑑𝑡 = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 and so

1
𝑑𝑡 if cos 𝑢 > 0
1 √1 − 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡 = .
cos 𝑢 1
− 𝑑𝑡 if cos 𝑢 < 0
{ √1 − 𝑡 2
Therefore the surface area becomes
3𝜋
2𝜋
2
∬ ‖𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 ‖𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 9√2 ∫ √1 − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 9√2 ∫ √1 − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜋
𝑅 0 −
2

𝜋 3𝜋
2 2
= 9√2 (∫ √1 − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ √1 − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
𝜋 𝜋
−
2 2

1 −1
√1 − 𝑡 √1 − 𝑡
= 9√2 (∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ − 𝑑𝑡)
−1 √1 − 𝑡2 1 √1 − 𝑡 2
1
1 1
= 9√2 (2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡) = 9√2 (2[2√1 + 𝑡]−1 ) = 72.
−1 √1 +𝑡

12. Let the required surface area be 𝑆 m3 . Then 𝑆 is the area of the portion of the hemisphere
𝑥 = √102 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2
in ℝ3 (why not 𝑧 = √102 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ?) that lies inside the solid circular cylinder 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 10𝑧. Now the
whole hemisphere with the above equation can be parametrized by

𝑥 = √102 − 𝑢2
{𝑦 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣

where 𝑢 ∈ [0, 10] and 𝑣 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]. The required portion of hemisphere also needs to satisfy 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 10𝑧,
i.e.
𝑢2 ≤ 10𝑢 sin 𝑣
or simply 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 10 sin 𝑣 and 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋. Thus the parametrization of the required portion of hemisphere
can be expressed as the vector-valued function 𝐫: 𝑅 → ℝ3 defined by
𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈√102 − 𝑢2 , 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 𝑢 sin 𝑣〉 ,
where 𝑅 is the closed region
𝑅 = {(𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 10 sin 𝑣 and 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋}.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

𝑢
Now we have 𝐫𝑢 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈− , cos 𝑣 , sin 𝑣〉 and 𝐫𝑣 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈0, −𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 𝑢 cos 𝑣〉 for every (𝑢, 𝑣) in the
√102 −𝑢2

interior of 𝑅, so
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝑢 𝑢2 𝑢2
(𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 )(𝑢, 𝑣) = |− cos 𝑣 sin 𝑣 | = 〈𝑢, cos 𝑣 , sin 𝑣〉 .
√102 − 𝑢2 √102 − 𝑢2 √102 − 𝑢2
0 −𝑢 sin 𝑣 𝑢 cos 𝑣
Thus the required portion of cylinder has surface area
𝜋 10 sin 𝑣 2 2
𝑢2 𝑢2
𝑆 = ∬ ‖𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 ‖𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ √𝑢 2 + ( cos 𝑣) + ( sin 𝑣) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑅 0 0 √102 − 𝑢2 √102 − 𝑢2
𝜋 10 sin 𝑣 𝜋
10𝑢
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 10 ∫ [10 − √102 − (10 sin 𝑣)2 ] 𝑑𝑣
0 0 √102 − 𝑢2 0
𝜋
𝜋
2
= 100 ∫ (1 − |cos 𝑣|)𝑑𝑣 = 100𝜋 − 200 ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 100𝜋 − 200.
0 0

Alternative solution (“Graph” approach): Let 𝑅 be the disk in ℝ2 defined by 𝑅 = {(𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 10𝑧}.
Then the required surface can be thought of as the graph of the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → ℝ defined by
𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) = √102 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 .
𝑦 𝑧
Since 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦, 𝑧) = − and 𝑓𝑧 (𝑦, 𝑧) = − for every (𝑦, 𝑧) in the interior of 𝑅, it follows that
√102 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 √102 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2

2
𝑆 = ∬ √1 + [𝑓𝑦 (𝑦, 𝑧)] + [𝑓𝑧 (𝑦, 𝑧)]2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑅
2 2
𝑦 𝑧 10
= ∬ √1 + (− ) + (− ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∬ 𝑑𝐴.
𝑅 √102 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 √102 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 𝑅 √102 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2
Now let’s switch to polar coordinates. The boundary circle of 𝑅 has equation 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 10𝑧, or 𝑟 = 10 sin 𝜃
in polar coordinates. 𝑅 is therefore defined by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 10 sin 𝜃 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 in polar
coordinates, so
𝜋 10 sin 𝜃
10 10
𝑆=∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑅 √102 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 0 0 √102 − 𝑟 2
𝜋 𝜋
= 10 ∫ [10 − √102 − (10 sin 𝜃)2 ] 𝑑𝜃 = 100 ∫ (1 − |cos 𝜃|)𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋
2
= 100𝜋 − 200 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 100𝜋 − 200.
0

13. (a) The projection of 𝐷 onto the 𝑦𝑧-plane can be identified with a disk 𝑅 in ℝ2 consisting of the points (𝑦, 𝑧)
in the interior of the circle 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 . Over each (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅, the region 𝐷 is bounded in the 𝑥-direction
by the two surfaces
𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = −√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 .

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

[In other words, for each (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅, the ray through (0, 𝑦, 𝑧) pointing toward the positive 𝑥-axis enters 𝐷
through the surface 𝑥 = −√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 and leaves 𝐷 through the surface 𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 .]

𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 = −√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝑧 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝐷
𝑅 𝑅
−𝑎
𝑦 𝑦 𝑎 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 = −√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2

Therefore the volume of 𝐷 is

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑦 2 √𝑎2 −𝑦 2 𝑎
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 ) (2√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 −𝑎 −√𝑎2 −𝑦 2 −√𝑎2 −𝑦 2 −𝑎

𝑎
2 16 3
= 4 ∫ (𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 4 (2𝑎3 − 𝑎3 ) = 𝑎 .
−𝑎 3 3

(b) The boundary surface of 𝐷 consists of four pieces of smooth surfaces which are congruent to each other.
Two of these pieces are portions of the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 that lie inside the cylinder 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 , and
the other two pieces are portions of the cylinder 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 that lie inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .
One of these four pieces (the purple surface in the diagram on the right) can be 𝑧

parametrized by 𝐷
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑢
{𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑢
𝑧=𝑣 𝑦
𝜋 𝜋 𝑦 2 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑎2
where 𝑢 ∈ [− , ] and −𝑎 cos 𝑢 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑎 cos 𝑢.
2 2
𝑥

These parametric equations can be replaced by a vector-valued function 𝐫: 𝑅 → ℝ3 defined by

𝐫(𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈𝑎 cos 𝑢 , 𝑎 sin 𝑢 , 𝑣〉,
where 𝑅 is the region
𝜋 𝜋
{(𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2 : − ≤ 𝑢 ≤ and − 𝑎 cos 𝑢 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑎 cos 𝑢}.
2 2

Now for every (𝑢, 𝑣) in the interior of 𝑅, we have 𝐫𝑢 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈−𝑎 sin 𝑢 , 𝑎 cos 𝑢 , 0〉, 𝐫𝑣 (𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈0, 0, 1〉, and
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
(𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 )(𝑢, 𝑣) = |−𝑎 sin 𝑢 𝑎 cos 𝑢 0 | = 〈𝑎 cos 𝑢 , 𝑎 sin 𝑢 , 0〉.
0 0 1
So the surface area of this particular piece is
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 cos 𝑢
2 2
∬ ‖𝐫𝑢 × 𝐫𝑣 ‖𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ √(𝑎 cos 𝑢)2 + (𝑎 sin 𝑢)2 + 02 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 2𝑎 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑎2 .
𝜋 𝜋
𝑅 − −𝑎 cos 𝑢 −
2 2
The area of the whole boundary surface of 𝐷 is four times the area of this piece, which is therefore 16𝑎2 .

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)
14. The given iterated integral is equivalent to a triple integral ∭𝐷 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 over the region
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and √𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 − 𝑦}.

𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑧 = 1−𝑦 𝑥=0
𝑦 =1−𝑧
𝑦+𝑧=1
𝑧 = 1 − √𝑥 𝑦=0
𝑥 = (1 − 𝑧)2
𝑥=0
𝑦 𝑦 𝑧=0 𝑦
𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑦=1 𝑧=0
𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦2

Therefore
1 1 1−𝑦 1 𝑦2 1−𝑦
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 √𝑥 0 0 0 0

1 1−√𝑥 1−𝑧
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
0 0 √𝑥

1 (1−𝑧)2 1−𝑧
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0 √𝑥

1 1−𝑦 𝑦2
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0

1 1−𝑧 𝑦2
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
0 0 0

15. The projection of 𝐷 on the 𝑥𝑦-plane can be identified with the unit disk 𝑅 in ℝ2 centered at the origin. For
each point (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, we consider the following two possible cases.
 If |𝑥| ≥ |𝑦|, then 1 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 1 − 𝑦 2 , so over such a point (𝑥, 𝑦), the cylinder 𝑧 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2 is closer to the
𝑥𝑦-plane than the cylinder 𝑧 2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 . Thus the ray through (𝑥, 𝑦, 0) pointing toward the positive 𝑧-axis
enters 𝐷 through the surface 𝑧 = −√1 − 𝑥 2 and leaves 𝐷 through the surface 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 .
 If |𝑥| < |𝑦|, then 1 − 𝑦 2 < 1 − 𝑥 2 , so over such a point (𝑥, 𝑦), the cylinder 𝑧 2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 is closer to the
𝑥𝑦-plane than the cylinder 𝑧 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2 . Thus the ray through (𝑥, 𝑦, 0) pointing toward the positive 𝑧-axis
enters 𝐷 through the surface 𝑧 = −√1 − 𝑦 2 and leaves 𝐷 through the surface 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑦 2 .

𝑦
|𝑥| < |𝑦|: Over this part of 𝑅, the solid 𝐷 is bounded by
𝑧 = √1 − 𝑦 2 from above and 𝑧 = −√1 − 𝑦 2 from below.
𝑅

𝑥
0 1

|𝑥| ≥ |𝑦|: Over this part of 𝑅, the solid 𝐷 is bounded by

𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 from above and 𝑧 = −√1 − 𝑥 2 from below.

Page 10 of 13
MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

Now when converting all the points in 𝐷 to cylindrical coordinates, we note that
 the points (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 with |𝑥| ≥ |𝑦| have polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃) satisfying 𝑟 ≤ 1 and |cos 𝜃| ≥ |sin 𝜃|,
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
i.e. 𝜃 ∈ [− , ] ∪ [ , ].
4 4 4 4
 the points (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 with |𝑥| < |𝑦| have polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃) satisfying 𝑟 ≤ 1 and |cos 𝜃| < |sin 𝜃|,
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
i.e. 𝜃 ∈ [ , ]∪[ , ].
4 4 4 4
Therefore by symmetry the volume of 𝐷 is
𝜋 𝜋
1 √1−(𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 1
4 4
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = 8 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 8 ∫ ∫ 2√1 − 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝐷 0 0 −√1−(𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 2 3 𝑟=1 4 2(1− sin3 𝜃)
= 8 ∫ [− (1 − 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃)2 ] 𝑑𝜃 = 8 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 3 cos 2 𝜃 𝑟=0 0 3 cos 2 𝜃
𝜋
𝜋
16 4 16
= ∫ (sec 2 𝜃 − sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = [tan 𝜃 − sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃]04 = 8(2 − √2).
3 0 3

16. (a) We may assume that the solid cylinder is bounded between the planes 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = ℎ. Since the solid
cylinder has volume 𝜋𝑎2 ℎ, its moment of inertia about the 𝑧-axis is given by
𝑚
𝐼𝑧 = ∭ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑉
𝜋𝑎2 ℎ 𝐷
2𝜋 𝑎 ℎ
𝑚
= 2
∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃)𝑑𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑎 ℎ 0 0 0
2𝜋 𝑎 ℎ
𝑚
= 2
(∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ) (∫ 𝑑𝑧)
𝜋𝑎 ℎ 0 0 0

𝑚 1
= (2𝜋) ( 𝑎4 ) (ℎ)
𝜋𝑎2 ℎ 4

1
= 𝑚𝑎2 .
2

4
(b) Since the solid ball has volume 𝜋𝑎3 , its moment of inertia about the 𝑧-axis is given by
3
𝑚
𝐼𝑧 = ∭ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑉
4 3 𝐷
𝜋𝑎
3
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
𝑚
= ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝜌2 sin2 𝜙 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝜌2 sin2 𝜙 sin2 𝜃)𝜌2 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
4 3 0 0 0
𝜋𝑎
3
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
𝑚
= (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ sin3 𝜙 𝑑𝜙) (∫ 𝜌4 𝑑𝜌)
4 3 0
𝜋𝑎 0 0
3
𝜋
𝑚 1 1
= (2𝜋) [ cos 3 𝜙 − cos 𝜙] ( 𝑎5 )
4 3 3 0 5
𝜋𝑎
3
2
= 𝑚𝑎2 .
5

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

17. In cylindrical coordinates, the region 𝐷 is defined by the inequalities

1 ≤ 𝑟2 ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ sin 𝜃 and 1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5.
These inequalities can be rewritten as
𝜋 𝜋
1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ √3 and ≤𝜃≤ and 1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5,
4 2

so
𝜋 𝜋
5 5
𝑧 2 √3 𝑧 2 √3 𝑟
∭ 2 2
𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ 2
𝑑𝑟 ) (∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 )
𝐷1+𝑥 +𝑦 1 1+𝑟 1 1+𝑟
𝜋 𝜋
1 1
4 4
√3
𝜋 1 3𝜋 ln 2
= ( ) [ ln(1 + 𝑟 2 )] (12) = .
4 2 1 2

18. Since the integrand is non-negative, we can use the spherical coordinates in this improper triple integral. So
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑡
2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) 2
∭ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑉 = lim ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝜌𝑒 −𝜌 )𝜌2 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
ℝ3 𝑡→+∞ 0 0 0

2𝜋 𝜋 𝑡
2
= lim (∫ 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜙) (∫ 𝜌3 𝑒 −𝜌 𝑑𝜌)
𝑡→+∞ 0 0 0

1 𝑡
= lim (2𝜋)(2) ( ∫ 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
𝑡→+∞ 2 0

1 1 𝑡
= (2𝜋)(2) lim ( [−𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 ]𝑡0 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
𝑡→+∞ 2 2 0
𝑡
1 1 1
= (2𝜋)(2) lim [− 𝑒 −𝑢 ] = (2𝜋)(2) lim ( − 𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 2𝜋,
𝑡→+∞ 2 0 𝑡→+∞ 2 2
where we have made the substitution 𝑢 = 𝜌2 before integrating by parts.

19. The region 𝑅 is given by

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ≤ 4 and 4 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ≤ 16 and 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0}.

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
To simplify this region of integration, we use the change of variables { . After this change of
𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2

variables, the region of integration becomes the rectangle

𝑅∗ = {(𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2 : 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 4 and 4 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 16}.
The Jacobian determinant of the inverse transformation is
𝑥𝑢 𝑦𝑢 1 1 1
|𝑥 𝑦 |= 𝑢 𝑢 = = ,
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 −2𝑦 20𝑥𝑦
|𝑣 𝑣𝑦 | | |
𝑥 2𝑥 8𝑦
so
16 4
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 1 1 6
∬ 2 2
𝑑𝐴 = ∬ | | 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = − ln 2.
𝑅𝑦 −𝑥 𝑅 ∗ −𝑢 20𝑥𝑦 4 1 20𝑢 5

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 5
L3 (Fall 2019)

20. (a) The Jacobian determinant is

𝑥𝜉 𝑥𝜂 𝑥𝑧 𝜂 𝜉 0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= |𝑦𝜉 𝑦𝜂 𝑦𝑧 | = |−𝜉 𝜂 0| = 𝜉 2 + 𝜂 2 .
𝜕(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑧) 𝑧𝜉 𝑧𝜂 𝑧𝑧 0 0 1

(b) The Jacobian determinant is

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑣
𝑥𝑧 sinh 𝑢 cos 𝑣 − cosh 𝑢 sin 𝑣 0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= |𝑦𝑢 𝑦𝑣
𝑦𝑧 | = |cosh 𝑢 sin 𝑣 sinh 𝑢 cos 𝑣 0|
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑧) 𝑧 𝑧𝑣
𝑧𝑧
𝑢 0 0 1
2 2 2 2
= sinh 𝑢 cos 𝑣 + cosh 𝑢 sin 𝑣
= (sinh2 𝑢 cos 2 𝑣 + sinh2 𝑢 sin2 𝑣) + (cosh2 𝑢 sin2 𝑣 − sinh2 𝑢 sin2 𝑣)
= sinh2 𝑢 + sin2 𝑣.

(c) The Jacobian determinant is

𝑥𝜉 𝑥𝜂 𝑥𝜙 cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 cos 𝜙 sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 cos 𝜙 − sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 sin 𝜙
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= |𝑦𝜉 𝑦𝜂 𝑦𝜙 | = | cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 sin 𝜙 sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 sin 𝜙 sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 cos 𝜙 |
𝜕(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜙) 𝑧𝜉 𝑧𝜂 𝑧𝜙 sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 − cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 0
sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 cos 𝜙 − sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 sin 𝜙
= sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 | |
sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 sin 𝜙 sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 cos 𝜙

cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 cos 𝜙 − sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 sin 𝜙

+ cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 | |+0
cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 sin 𝜙 sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 cos 𝜙

= sinh 𝜉 cos 𝜂 (sinh2 𝜉 sin 𝜂 cos 𝜂) + cosh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 (sinh 𝜉 cosh 𝜉 sin2 𝜂)
= sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 (sinh2 𝜉 cos 2 𝜂 + cosh2 𝜉 sin2 𝜂)
= sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 (sinh2 𝜉 cos 2 𝜂 + sinh2 𝜉 sin2 𝜂 + cosh2 𝜉 sin2 𝜂 − sinh2 𝜉 sin2 𝜂)
= sinh 𝜉 sin 𝜂 (sinh2 𝜉 + sin2 𝜂).

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