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Sequential Circuits PDF

Sequential circuits differ from combinational circuits in that their outputs depend not only on current inputs but also on the previous state. Sequential circuits contain memory elements and feedback paths which allow them to store previous states. Common memory elements include flip-flops which can store a binary 1 or 0 and are used for applications like data storage, counting, and random access memory. Flip-flops are constructed using gates and have truth tables defining their behavior.

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130 views4 pages

Sequential Circuits PDF

Sequential circuits differ from combinational circuits in that their outputs depend not only on current inputs but also on the previous state. Sequential circuits contain memory elements and feedback paths which allow them to store previous states. Common memory elements include flip-flops which can store a binary 1 or 0 and are used for applications like data storage, counting, and random access memory. Flip-flops are constructed using gates and have truth tables defining their behavior.

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Rafena Mustapha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CAPE Computer Science Unit 1

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
Thus far we have looked at combinational circuits in which the output depends solely on current inputs.

The output of sequential circuits, however, depends not only on the combination of present inputs but also on
the previous output called the present state.

INPUTS COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT OUTPUTS

MEMORY ELEMENT

Fig.1. Block diagram of a sequential circuit

The table below compares combinational and logic circuits:

Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits


Output depend only on present inputs Outputs depend on both present inputs and present
state
Feedback path is not present Feedback path is present
Memory elements are not required Memory elements are required
Clock signal is not required Clock signal is required
Easy to design Difficult to design

Flip flops
A digital computer needs devices which can store information. A flip flop is a binary storage device. It can store
binary bit either 0 or 1. It has two stable states i.e. 1 and 0. It has the property to remain in one state indefinitely
until it is directed to an input signal to switch over to the other state. Flip flops are used to exercise control over
the functionality of a digital circuit i.e. change the operation of a circuit depending on the state of one or more
flip flops.

Types of flip flops

Latch/ S-R flip flop

The R-S (Reset-Set) flip flop is the simplest flip flop. It is basically a device which has two outputs, one output
being the inverse or complement of the other, and two inputs. A pulse on one of the inputs causes the circuit to
take on a particular logical state. The outputs will then remain in this state until a similar pulse is appliedto the
other input.

An R-S flip flop can be constructed using either NAND or NOR gates as shown below:
CAPE Computer Science Unit 1

Simple truth tables for the NAND and NOR R-S flip flops are shown below:

Application of Flip Flops

Data Storage

A flip flop stores one bit at a time in a digital circuit. A register is composed of a group of flip-flops to store a
group of bits (word). For storing N bit of words we require N number of flip-flops (one flip of for each bit).

A flip flop can store only one bit of data, a 0 or a 1; it is referred to as a single bit register. When more bits of
data are to be stored, a number of flip flops are used. A register is a set of flip flops used to store a binary data.
The storage capacity of a register is a number of bits of digital data that it can retain. Loading a register means
setting or resetting the individual flip flops, i.e. inputting data into the register so that their states correspond to
the bits of data to be stored.

Loading may be serial or parallel in serial loading, data is transferred into the register in serial form, i.e. one bit
at a time, whereas in parallel loading, the data is transferred into the register in parallel form meaning that all
the flip flops are triggered into their new states at the same time. Parallel input requires that the SET and/or
RESET controls of every flip flop be accessible.
CAPE Computer Science Unit 1

For example, a 4-bit register would be constructed in the following way:

Counters

Digital counters are used for counting events. Electrical pulses corresponding to the event are produced using
transducers & these pulses counted using a counter.

A digital counter is a set of flip-flops whose stated change in response to pulses applied at the input to the
counter. The flip flops are interconnected such that their combined state at any time is the binary equivalent of
the total number of pulses that have occurred up to that point. Thus, as its name implies, a counter is used to
count the pulses.

A counter can also be used as a frequency divider to obtain waveforms with frequencies that are specific
fractions of the clock frequency. They are also used to perform the timing function as in digital watches, to
create time delays, to crate non-sequential binary counts, to generate pulse trains, and to act as frequency
counters, etc.

A counter can count up to 2n where n is the number of flip flops. Counters are used in digital equipment, clocks,
computers, etc. The figure below shows a simple binary ripple made by a connection of flip flops without any
logic gate. Each flip flop is triggered by the output of the previous flip flop.

Four stage binary counter


CAPE Computer Science Unit 1

Random Access Memory

In computers, digital control systems, information processing systems it is necessary to store digital data and
retrieve the data as desired.

Flip-Flops can be used for making memories in which data can be stored for any desired length of time and then
readout whenever required.

The data stored in RWMs (Read Write memories) constructed from semiconductor devices will be lost if power
is removed. Such memory is said to be volatile. But ROM is non-volatile. Random access memory (RAM) is
the memory whose memory locations can be accessed directly and immediately. By contrast, to access a
memory location on a magnetic tape, it is necessary to wind or unwind the tape and go through a series of
addresses before reaching the address desired. Therefore, the tape is called the sequential access memory.

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