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Number Systems: The Natural Numbers

The document discusses different types of number systems: - Natural numbers are the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, etc. with no limit. Whole numbers include 0. - Integers include all natural numbers and their opposites, as well as 0. Integers are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication and division (except by 0). - Rational numbers can be expressed as fractions of integers. They include integers and terminating or repeating decimals. Rationals are closed under the four basic operations. - Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions and have non-terminating, non-repeating decimals. Examples include square roots of non-square numbers and pi. - Real

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98 views4 pages

Number Systems: The Natural Numbers

The document discusses different types of number systems: - Natural numbers are the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, etc. with no limit. Whole numbers include 0. - Integers include all natural numbers and their opposites, as well as 0. Integers are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication and division (except by 0). - Rational numbers can be expressed as fractions of integers. They include integers and terminating or repeating decimals. Rationals are closed under the four basic operations. - Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions and have non-terminating, non-repeating decimals. Examples include square roots of non-square numbers and pi. - Real

Uploaded by

Ilham Shoyo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Number Systems

The Natural Numbers

 The natural (or counting) numbers are 1,2,3,4,5 etc. There are infinitely many natural
numbers. The set of natural numbers, {1,2,3,4,5,...} is sometimes written N for short.
 The whole numbers are the natural numbers together with 0.
(Note: a few textbooks disagree and say the natural numbers include 0.)
 The sum of any two natural numbers is also a natural number (for
example, 4+2000=20044+2000=2004), and the product of any two natural numbers is a
natural number (4×2000=80004×2000=8000). This is not true for division.

The Integers

 The integers are the set of real numbers consisting of the natural numbers, their additive
inverses and zero.

{...,−5,−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...}
 The set of integers is sometimes written J or Z for short.
 The sum, product, and difference of any two integers are also an integer. But this is not
true for division... just try 1÷2

The Rational Numbers

 The rational numbers are those numbers which can be expressed as a ratio between two
integers. For example, the fractions 1/3 and −1111/8 are both rational numbers.
 All the integers are included in the rational numbers, since any integer z can be written as
the ratio z/1.
 All decimals which terminate are rational numbers (since 8.27 can be written
as 827/100.)

 Decimal numbers which have a repeating pattern after some point also fall under this
category. Example: 0.083333…. = 1 / 12
 The set of rational numbers is closed under all four basic operations, that is, given any
two rational numbers, their sum, difference, product, and quotient is also a rational
number (as long as we don't divide by 0).

The Irrational Numbers

 An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as a ratio (or fraction). In


decimal form, it never ends or repeats.
 The ancient Greeks discovered that not all numbers are rational; there are equations that
cannot be solved using ratios of integers.

 Example:

The first such equation to be studied was 2= x 2 . What number times itself equals 2?

√2 is about 1.4141414, because 1.4142 =1.999396which is close to 2. But you'll never hit
exactly by squaring a fraction (or terminating decimal). The square root of 2 is an irrational
number, meaning its decimal equivalent goes on forever, with no repeating pattern:
2√=1.41421356237309...

Other famous irrational numbers are the golden ratio, a number with great importance to
biology:

1+5√2=1.61803398874989...
π (pi), the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter:
π=3.14159265358979...
and e, the most important number in calculus:
e=2.71828182845904..

The Real Numbers

The real numbers is the set of numbers containing all of the rational numbers and all of the
irrational numbers. The real numbers are “all the numbers” on the number line.

The Complex Numbers

The complex numbers are the set {a+bi | a and b are real numbers}, where i is the imaginary
unit, √−1. The complex numbers include the set of real numbers. The real numbers, in the
complex system, are written in the form a+0i=a. a real number.
Composite Numbers: A composite number is a positive integer. which is not prime (i.e., which
has factors other than 1 and itself). The first few composite numbers (sometimes called
"composites" for short) are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, ...

Prime Numbers: Prime numbers are whole numbers greater than 1, that have only two factors –
1 and the number itself. Prime numbers are divisible only by the number 1 or itself. 2, 5,7 are
prime numbers.

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