CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1

COLLISION THEORY AND RATE OF REACTION

When substances are mixed together a chemical reaction sometimes occurs. Chemical
reactions always involve the collision of particles. For any particles to react they must (a)
collide with sufficient energy to break old bonds and form new ones and (b) collide with
correct orientation to allow particles to rearrange and make new compounds.

Reaction rates can be increased by increasing the concentration of solutions (more

solution particles, leads to higher rates of collision), breaking up solid substances into
smaller pieces to increase surface area, and heating up the substances to provide more
energy when they collide. A catalyst can also be added. A catalyst speeds up the rate of
reaction by lowering the amount of energy needed to form new products. Some catalysts
provide a surface area on which the two reactants can meet in the correct orientation,
allowing the products to be formed.

Question One

Explain why milk left on a bench in summer goes off.

The higher temperature of the environment causes the particles within the milk to move
faster with more energy. The milk particles move with more energy and collide more
frequently which increases the rate of reaction of the milk which allows the milk to go off
faster.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

The way in which particles collide to produce a reaction and then new substances is
summarised in a chemical equation. To write a correct chemical equation you must:

1. Write correct formula for each substance involved. Once the correct formula is
written it must not be changed.

2. Balance the equation to make sure it obeys the Law of Conservation of Mass. To
balance an equation a COEFFICIENT (number) is written in front of each formula to
make the number of atoms of each atom on the reactants side the same as the
number of atoms of that element on the product side. REMEMBER: DO NOT
CHANGE THE FORMULA, ONLY CHANGE THE COEFFICIENT. If the coefficient
is 1, no number is written.

Methane (CH4) reacts with oxygen (O 2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water (H2O).
Write a balanced equation.

CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2 O

All the formulae are written correctly, so balance numbers by adding coefficients.
 CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

Question Two

What do we mean by the Law of Conservation of Mass?

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction

Question Three

Balance the following equations:

(a) Ca + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

Ca + 2 H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

(b) H2O2  H 2O + O2

2 H2O2  2 H2O + O2

Question Four

Convert the following word equations to symbol form and then balance.

(a) Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid  sodium nitrate + water

NaOH + HNO3  NaNO3 + H2O

(b) Calcium hydrogencarbonate + ethanoic acid  calcium ethanoate + water + carbon

dioxide

Ca(HCO3)2 + 2 CH3COOH  Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2

(c) Iron (II) oxide + phosphoric acid  iron (II) phosphate + water

3 FeO + 2 H3PO4  Fe3(PO4)2 + 3 H2O

(d) Copper sulfate + aluminium  aluminium sulfate + copper

3 CuSO4 + 2 Al  Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Cu

(e) Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas  water

2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
 CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1
CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

The mass of individual atoms is very small and hence it is more convenient to use relative
masses. This means that the mass of each atom is compared to a standard which is an
isotope of carbon, carbon-12. The relative atomic mass (A r) of an element is the average
mass of one atom of it compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The relative
formula or molecular mass (Mr) an element or compound is the mass of one of its
molecules or formula compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The relative
molecular mass or formula mass can be calculated by simply adding the relative masses
of all the atoms shown in the formula.

Mr (H2O) = 2 x Ar(H) + 1 x Ar(O) = 2 x 1 + 1 x 16 = 18

The mole (n) is a number that chemists use to count large numbers of particles. 1 mole of
a substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles of that substance.

N
23
n = 6 . 02×10 where n = number of moles, N = number of particles.

23
EXAMPLE ONE: How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 3.60 x 10
molecules of this substance?

N 3 . 60×10 23
23 23
n = 6 . 02×10 = 6 . 02×10 = 5.98 mol of CO2 molecules

EXAMPLE TWO: How many atoms of sodium are there in 4.0 moles of this substance?

N = n x 6.02 x 1023 = 4 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.41 x 1024 atoms of sodium

In 3 moles of NH3 there are 3 moles of Nitrogen atoms and 9 moles of Hydrogen atoms.

The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass (M). This mass is simply the
relative atomic mass (Ar) or relative molecular or formula mass (Mr) expressed in grams.

The molar mass of water is: M = 18 grams

The number of moles of a substance in a given mass of that substance can be calculated
using the following relationship.

m
n= M where n = number of moles, m = mass of substance in grams, M = molar mass of
substance in grams
 CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1
EXAMPLE THREE: Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid in 240 g of this
substance.

M (H2SO4) = 98.1 g
m 240
n= M = 98.1 = 2.45 mol

EXAMPLE FOUR: Calculate the mass of 5.0 moles of glucose (C 6H12O6)

m = n x M = 5 x 180 = 900 g

Chemical reactions can be represented by chemical equations if all the substances

involved are known. The equation will tell us in what proportion (mole ratio) the reactants
and products are involved.

Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas  water

2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 mole of hydrogen gas reacts with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 mole of oxygen gas

In calculations involving chemical equations a set formula is followed.

Step 1: Write a balanced equation.

Step 2: Identify the known and unknown quantities.

Step 3: Convert the known quantity to number of moles.

Step 4: Find the number of moles of the unknown quantity using the mole ratios of
the unknown over the known.
Step 5: Convert the number of moles of the unknown to the value required.

EXAMPLE FIVE: 16 g of oxygen gas reacts with excess hydrogen gas to produce water.
What mass of water is produced?

2H2 + O2  2H2O
known unknown

m 16
n (O2) = M = 32 = 0.5 mol

unknown mole ratio 2

n (H2O) = known mole ratio x number of moles of known = 1 x 0.5 = 1 mol

m (H2O) = n x M = 1 x 18 = 18 g
 CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1

Question Five: Calculations Revision

(1) List the following elements in order of relative atomic mass (from lowest to highest)

Sulfur (s), Phosphorous (P) and Argon (Ar)

Phosphorus, Sulfur, Argon

(2) Calculate the number of moles of calcium in 2.41 x 10 25 calcium atoms.

40 mol of calcium

(3) Calculate the number of lead atoms in 3 moles of lead.

1.806 x 1024 lead atoms

(4) Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 0.50 mole of Carbonic acid (H 2CO3).

6.02 x 1023 hydrogen atoms

(5) Determine the molar mass of Aluminium sulfate (Al 2(SO4)3).

342.3 g

(6) Calculate the number of moles of silver chloride in 125 g of AgCl.

0.87 mol of silver chloride

(7) Calculate the mass of 1.5 mol of ammonium carbonate ((NH 4)2CO3).

144 g

(8) Determine the number of moles of each of the ions in 200 g of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH).

5 mol
 CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1

(9) Nitric acid reacts with calcium hydroxide as follows:

2HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)  Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

Determine the mass of nitric acid required to completely neutralise 100.0 g of calcium
hydroxide.

100/74
x/1.35 = 2/1
x = 2.7 mol of nitric acid
2.7 * 63 = 170.1 g of nitric acid

(10) Sodium peroxide reacts with water according to the following equation.
2Na2O2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)  4NaOH (aq) + O2 (g)

If 50 g of sodium peroxide are reacted calculate: (a) the mass of sodium hydroxide
produced and (b) the mass of oxygen gas evolved.

0.64 mol of sodium peroxide

x/0.64 = 4/2
x = 1.28 mol of sodium hydroxide
51.2 g of sodium hydroxide

x/0.64 = ½
x = 0.32 mol of oxygen gas
10.24 g of oxygen gas
CHEMISTRY TEST 2 REVISION 1

GOOD LUCK!