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Answers To Questions (Eigenvalues)

This document summarizes the steps to solve two second-order linear differential equations by converting them into systems of first-order equations and finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the coefficient matrices to determine the general solutions. The solutions are expressed as the sum of terms involving the eigenvalues and arbitrary constants.

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Ynno
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49 views5 pages

Answers To Questions (Eigenvalues)

This document summarizes the steps to solve two second-order linear differential equations by converting them into systems of first-order equations and finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the coefficient matrices to determine the general solutions. The solutions are expressed as the sum of terms involving the eigenvalues and arbitrary constants.

Uploaded by

Ynno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem 10.

y +3y'+2y=

y +3y'+2y=

Rearrange the equation:

y =-3y'-2

In order to convert the given ODE into a system, the following identities can be used:

Let,
y 1= y
y 2= y '
y 3= y '
y n= y n−1

Using the following identities, the following system of linear first-order ODEs can be obtained:

y '1= y 2

y '2=−2 y 1−3 y 2

y1
Set y= []
y2
in order to obtain the matrix form:

'
y = A y= [−20 −31 ][ yy ]
1

The characteristic equation is therefore,

1
det ( A−λI )= [−λ
−2 −3− λ
=0 ]
det ( A−λI )= λ2+ 3 λ+2=0

( λ+ 1)( λ+ 2)=0

λ 1=−1
λ 2=−2

The roots of the characteristic equation, λ 1=−1 and λ 2=−2, are the eigenvalues. For λ 1 ,the
eigenvector is:
( A−λ¿¿ 1 I ) x 1=0¿

0−(−1) 1 x 11 1 1 x 11
[ −2
=
][ ] [
−3−(−1) x 21 −2 −2 x 21 ][ ]
x 11 + x 21=0

Say x 11=1 and x 21=−1, therefore:

x 1= 1
−1 [ ]
For λ 2 ,the eigenvector is:

( A−λ¿¿ 2 I ) x 2=0 ¿

0−(−2) 1 x 12 2 1 x 12
[ −2
=
][ ] [
−3−(−2) x 22 −2 −1 x 22 ][ ]
2 x12 + x 22 =0

Say x 12=1 and x 22=−2, therefore:

x 2= [−21 ]
The obtained eigenvectors give:

y=c1 1 e−t + c 2 1 e−2 t


−1 [ ] −2 [ ]
The first component of the vector solution is:

y 1=c1 e−t +c 2 e−2 t

Since y= y1 , therefore:

y=c1 e−t + c2 e−2 t

The first component is the expected solution. On the other hand, the second component of the
vector solution is:

y 2=−c1 e−t −2 c2 e−2 t


Since y 2= y ' , therefore:

y '=−c 1 e−t −2 c 2 e−2 t

The second component is the derivate of the solution.

Problem 13. y +2y'-24y=

y +2y'-24y=

Rearrange the equation:

y =24y-2y

In order to convert the given ODE into a system, the following identities can be used:

Let,
y 1= y
y 2= y '
y 3= y '
y n= y n−1

Using the following identities, the following system of linear first-order ODEs can be obtained:

y '1= y 2

y '2=24 y 1−2 y 2

y1
Set y= []
y2
in order to obtain the matrix form:

'
y = A y= [ 240 −21 ][ yy ]
1

The characteristic equation is therefore,

1
det ( A−λI )= [−λ24 −2−λ
=0 ]
det ( A−λI )= λ2+ 2 λ−2 4=0
( λ+ 6)(λ−4)=0

λ 1=−6
λ 2=4

The roots of the characteristic equation, λ 1=−6 and λ 2=4 , are the eigenvalues. For λ 1 ,the
eigenvector is:

( A−λ¿¿ 1 I ) x 1=0¿

0−(−6) 1 x 11 6 1 x 11
[ 24 −2−(−6) x21
=
][ ] [ ][ ]
24 4 x 21

x 11 + x 21=0

Say x 11=1 and x 21=−6, therefore:

x 1= 1
−6 [ ]
For λ 2 ,the eigenvector is:

( A−λ¿¿ 2 I ) x 2=0 ¿

0−4 1 x12 −4 1 x 12
[ = ][ ] [
2 4 −2−4 x22 −2 −6 x 22 ][ ]
−4 x12 + x 22=0

Say x 12=1 and x 22=4 , therefore:

x 2= [ 14]
The obtained eigenvectors give:

y=c1 1 e−6 t +c 2 1 e 4 t
−6 [ ] 4 []
The first component of the vector solution is:

y 1=c1 e−6 t +c 2 e 4 t

Since y= y1 , therefore:
y=c1 e−6 t + c2 e 4 t

The first component is the expected solution. On the other hand, the second component of the
vector solution is:

y 2=−6 c1 e−6 t + 4 c 2 e 4 t

Since y 2= y ' , therefore:

y ' =−6 c1 e−6 t + 4 c 2 e4 t

The second component is the derivate of the solution.

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