ANTENNAS AND WAVE

PROPAGATION- UNIT-II
1 MS. V.Sudha Rani, Associate Professor, ECE Department,
SNIST.
ECE
Course content
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS

UNIT-II: LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS

UNIT-III:APERTUREAND REFLECTOR ANTENNAS

UNIT-IV: RESONANT AND NON RESONANT ANTENNAS, ANTENNA

MEASUREMENTS

UNIT-V: SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION

UNIT VI: IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION

TEXT BOOKS
 Antennas and Wave Propagation, K.D Prasad, Tech India
publications, New Delhi.
UNIT-II: LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS

 Radiation Resistance and Directivity of Half Wave

Dipole
 Radiation Resistance and Directivity of Monopole

 Small Loop Antennas.

 Antenna Arrays

 Linear Array

 Pattern Multiplication,

4
 UNIT-II: LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS

 Two-Element Array,
 Uniform Array,

 BSA and EFA,

 EFA With increased Directivity

 BSA with Non- uniform Amplitude Distributions

 Binomial Arrays.

5
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

6
HALF WAVE DIPOLE –RADIATION
PATTERN

7
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 Figure shows Half wave Dipole of length 2h. Sinusoidal

Current distribution is given by

 Vector potential at a point P due to current element Idz is

given by

 R is the distance between Idz and distant point

8
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 .

9
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 .

10
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 Integration order is reversed. 11

 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 integration order is reversed.

12
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 .

13
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 .

14
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

Substitute the value of

15
.
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

16
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 .

17
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE

 Substituting equation 10 in equation 11.

18
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE- AVERAGE VALUE OF
THE POWER

 .

19
HALF WAVE DIPOLE- AVERAGE VALUE
OF THE POWER
 Average value of the power is half of the peak value

20
 RADIATION RESISTANCE OF HALF
WAVE DIPOLE
 Elemental area on spherical shell

21
DIRECTIVITY OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE
 Covered in unit-I
 Aperture area and Directivity problem

22
QUARTER WAVE MONOPOLE ANTENNA
 Length is half of Half
wave dipole.
 Radiation resistance is
Half of Half wave
Dipole.36.57 Ohms.

23
Expected Question
Q 1. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Half
wave Dipole and find radiation resistance of half wave
dipole.

24
 SHORT DIPOLE
Short Dipole Radiation Pattern

 .

25
 SHORT DIPOLE
 A Dipole is said to be a short Dipole if its length is

Current distribution is uniform through out its length.

Radiation Pattern
are in time phase in far field.

 Short Dipole radiation pattern is figure of Eight or

Doughnut shape.

26
SHORT DIPOLE IN A SPHERICAL
COORDINATE

27
POWER RADIATED BY SHORT DIPOLE
 Total power radiated by antenna =W

 W= power radiated in Watts.

 Average power delivered to the antenna terminals =W

28
POWER RADIATED BY SHORT DIPOLE
 Radial component of Poynting vector is given by

29
POWER RADIATED BY SHORT DIPOLE
 .

30
POWER RADIATED BY SHORT DIPOLE
 .

31
POWER RADIATED BY SHORT DIPOLE
 .

32
POWER RADIATED BY SHORT DIPOLE
 . W= Power radiated by short Dipole.

33
 RADIATION RESISTANCE OF SHORT
DIPOLE
 Radiation Resistance = Rr

34
 RADIATION RESISTANCE OF SHORT
DIPOLE
 .

 Radiation Resistance of short Dipole Antenna is equal to

35
ANTENNA ARRAYS

36
 ANTENNA ARRAYS-INTRODUCTION
 Antenna array is a of a group of individual radiators.
 Antenna array combines the radiations of individual radiators.

 The main function of an array is to produce highly directional

radiation.
 Antenna array increases the Directivity.

 It combines the radiation in such a way that the interference is

constructive in the preferred direction and destructive in the
remaining directions.
 The field is a vector quantity with both magnitude and phase.

37
 ANTENNA ARRAYS
 The total field (not power) of the array system at any
point away from its centre is the vector sum of the field
produced by the individual antennas.

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 TWO ELEMENT ARRAY
 There are three cases of arrays of two point sources.
 Two point sources with currents of equal amplitude and
equal phase.
 Two point sources with Currents of equal amplitude with
Opposite Phase.
 Two point sources of unequal amplitude and any phase.

39
A.TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
OF EQUAL AMPLITUDE AND EQUAL PHASE
 .

40
A.TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
OF EQUAL AMPLITUDE AND EQUAL
PHASE
 Fig shows an antenna
array with two point
sources excited with
equal amplitude of
current and with equal
phase.
 Point Source 1 lags the
field from point source2.
 Path difference is

41
A.TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
OF EQUAL AMPLITUDE AND EQUAL PHASE
 .

 are far electric fields at distant point p due to 42

sources 1&2.
A.TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
OF EQUAL AMPLITUDE AND EQUAL PHASE
 The total field E is given by

43
A.TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
OF EQUAL AMPLITUDE AND EQUAL PHASE
 Total amplitude maximum

44
 A- BROAD SIDE ARRAY-RADIATION
PATTERN-MAXIMA DIRECTION
 Maxima Direction

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A- BROAD SIDE ARRAY-RADIATION
PATTERN-MINIMA DIRECTION
 Minima Direction

46
B-TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDES BUT OPPOSITE IN
PHASE

47
B-TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDES BUT OPPOSITE IN
PHASE
 Point source 1 is out of Phase with Point Source 2.
Whenever there is maximum at source 1 there is
minimum at source 2.
 Total field E at any point P is given by

48
B-TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDES BUT OPPOSITE IN
PHASE

 By taking Maximum Value of E.

49
B-TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDES BUT OPPOSITE IN
PHASE –MAXIMA DIRECTION
 .

 Maxima Direction

50
B-TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDES BUT OPPOSITE IN
PHASE – MINIMA DIRECTION
 .

51
B-TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
EQUAL IN MAGNITUDES BUT OPPOSITE IN
PHASE – HALF POWER POINTS
 .

52
RADIATION PATTERN

53
TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
UNEQUAL IN MAGNITUDE AND WITH ANY
PHASE

54
TWO POINT SOURCES WITH CURRENTS
UNEQUAL IN MAGNITUDE AND WITH ANY
PHASE

55
UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY OF N
ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS

56
UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY OF N
ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS

57
 UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY OF N
ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS
 A Linear array is one which consists of n isotropic point sources
which are spaced equally and fed with an in phase current of
Equal amplitudes.
 The total field at a point P is the Vectorial addition of individual
fields of sources.
 Total field is given by E
t.

58
 UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY OF N
ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS
 multiply the above equation with

59
 UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY OF N
ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS
 .

60
 UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY OF N
ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS
 .

61
 Uniform linear array of n
isotropic elements
 Et Is the total field with source reference point for
phase. If we shift reference point phase is eliminated

62
 TYPES OF ARRAYS
 Antenna arrays are divided as
 Broad side array

 End fire Array

 Collinear Array

 Parasitic Array.

Broad side Array:

 In B.S.A individual antennas are equally spaced along a line.

 Each antenna element is fed with currents of equal

magnitude and all in same phase.
 Maximum radiation is in Broad side direction. i.e
63
perpendicular to the array axis.
BROAD SIDE ARRAY

64
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY
 Broad side array is Bidirectional.
 BSA is defined as in which the principal direction is
perpendicular to the array axis and also to the plane
containing the array element.

65
BROAD SIDE ARRAY

66
67
BROAD SIDE ARRAY

68
 END FIRE ARRAY

END FIRE ARRAY:

 In E.F.A individual antennas are equally spaced along
a line.
 Each antenna element is fed with currents of equal
magnitude and Out of phase.
 Maximum radiation is in End fire direction. i.e along
the array axis.
 End fire array is Unidirectional.

 EFA is defined as in which the principal direction

coincides with the direction of the array axis.
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END FIRE ARRAY

70
END FIRE ARRAY

71
END FIRE ARRAY-RADIATION PATTERN

72
COLLINEAR ARRAY

73
COLLINEAR ARRAY

74
COLLINEAR ARRAY

75
 COLLINEAR ARRAY
 In Collinear array one antenna is stacked over another antenna.
 Individual antenna elements are fed with equal in phase currents.

 A collinear array is a broad side radiators in which the direction

of maximum radiation is perpendicular to the line antenna.
 Radiation pattern of a Collinear array has Circular Symmetry.

 Collinear array some times called as broad cast or Omni

directional array.
 Power gains for 2 or 3 or 4 element Collinear array are 1.9
db,3.2 db,4.3db

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COLLINEAR ARRAY

77
 PARASITIC ARRAY
 It Consists of one driven element and number of
parasitic elements. It is a multi element array.
 Yagi-Uda antenna is the best example of Parasitic Array.

78
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY
 Broad side array is a simplest array.
 It Consists of dipoles of equal size, Equally spaced
along a straight line.
 Dipoles are fed in same phase with same source .

 It consists of maximum radiation perpendicular to the

axis of the array.
 Maximum radiation occurs at .
 In Broad side array Sources are in Phase.

79
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY- PRINCIPAL
PATTERN MAXIMA
 .

80
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY- PRINCIPAL
PATTERN MAXIMA
 Principal pattern maxima occurs at
 The principal maxima occurs in these directions.

81
BROAD SIDE ARRAY- PRINCIPAL
PATTERN MAXIMA

82
 DIRECTIONS OF PATTERN MAXIMA
 Minor lobe maxima occurs between first nulls and High
order nulls.

 This is maximum when numerator is maximum.

83
 DIRECTIONS OF PATTERN MAXIMA
 N=0 corresponds to Major lobe maxima.

84
 DIRECTIONS OF PATTERN MAXIMA
 .

 For a Broad side array

85
BROAD SIDE ARRAY WITH N=4 CONTAINS 4
MINOR LOBE MAXIMA. PROOF
 .

 For example

86
 If

 For N=2 maximum value of minor lobe is greater than

one. But all the time the value of Cosine function is less
than one. Hence no other minor lobe maxima exists.
87
88
 GENERAL EQUATION FOR MINOR
LOBE MINIMA.
 .

89
 GENERAL EQUATION FOR MINOR
LOBE MINIMA.

Above equation is the general equation for pattern

Minima
90
.
BROAD SIDE ARRAY CONTAINS 6
MINOR LOBE MINIMA. PROOF
 .

91
 .

92
BROAD SIDE ARRAY WITH CONTAINS
6 MINOR LOBE MINIMA PROOF
 If N=2

93
BROAD SIDE ARRAY WITH CONTAINS
6 MINOR LOBE MINIMA

94
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY – BEAM WIDTH
OF MAJOR LOBE-
 Beam width the angle between First nulls.
Generally main lobe or Major lobe has less
beam width. .

95
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY – BEAM WIDTH
OF MAJOR LOBE-

 For first null .

96
BROAD SIDE ARRAY – BEAM WIDTH
OF MAJOR LOBE-
 Broad side array is large

97
 END FIRE ARRAY
 End fire array has number of identical antennas.
 All the antennas are spaced with equal distance ”d” along
array axis.
 All antennas are fed with currents of equal amplitude and
opposite phase.
 Radiation pattern is uni directional.

 Radiation is maximum along array axis.

98
RADIATION PATTERN OF AN END FIRE
ARRAY

99
 END FIRE ARRAY
 For an End fire array maximum radiation is in
the line of the array.
 I.e phase angle is

100
 END FIRE ARRAY-DIRECTION OF
PATTERN MAXIMA-PROOF
 Above equation shows that phases between sources of an end
fire retarded progressively.

101
 END FIRE ARRAY-DIRECTION OF
PATTERN MAXIMA-PROOF
 .

102
 END FIRE ARRAY-DIRECTION OF
PATTERN MAXIMA-PROOF
 .

103
END FIRE ARRAY-DIRECTION OF
PATTERN MAXIMA

104
 END FIRE ARRAY-DIRECTION OF
PATTERN MINIMA-PROOF
 .

105
END FIRE ARRAY-DIRECTION OF
PATTERN MINIMA-PROOF
 .

106
 .

107
108
 .

109
 END FIRE ARRAY-BEAMWIDTH
BETWEEN FIRST NULLS
 Beam width of end fire array is larger than broad side
array.
 Beam width =2* Angle between first Nulls.=

110
 END FIRE ARRAY-BEAMWIDTH
BETWEEN FIRST NULLS
 .

111
 END FIRE ARRAY WITH INCREASED
DIRECTIVITY(HANSEN-WOODYARD
ARRAY)
 For increasing the Directivity, the progressive phase
shift between the closely spaced radiators for long array
is

112
END FIRE ARRAY WITH INCREASED
DIRECTIVITY(HANSEN-WOODYARD
ARRAY)
 With the above conditions Directivity can be achieved
more than ordinary end fire array.
 To achieve higher Directivitythe phase difference should
fulfill the conditions mentioned below.
 To achieve higher directivity the phase difference should
fulfil the conditions mentioned below.
 To achieve maximum radiation along

113
END FIRE ARRAY WITH INCREASED
DIRECTIVITY(HANSEN-WOOD YARD
ARRAY)
 To achieve maximum radiation along


114
END FIRE ARRAY WITH INCREASED
DIRECTIVITY(HANSEN-WOOD YARD
ARRAY
 .

115
DIRECTIVITY OF HANSENWOOD YARD
ARRAY =1.789 TIMES OF END-FIRE
ARRAY
 Radiation intensity of increase End Fire array is given by

116
DIRECTIVITY OF HANSENWOOD YARD
ARRAY =1.789 TIMES OF END-FIRE ARRAY
 .

117
DIRECTIVITY OF HANSENWOOD YARD
ARRAY =1.789 TIMES OF END-FIRE ARRAY
 Directivity of ordinary end fire array is

 Hence the directivity of Hansen Wood yard end fire array is 1.5
times the directivity of ordinary end fire array.

118
DIRECTIVITY OF HANSENWOOD YARD
ARRAY =1.789 TIMES OF END-FIRE ARRAY

Endfire array with

End fire array
increased directivity

119
RADIATION PATTERN OF HANSEN WOOD
YARD END FIRE ARRAY

120
 COMPARISON TABLE
Type of array D HPBW FNBW

Broad side
array

End Fire Array

End Fire Array

with Increased
Directivity 121
122
123
124
125
PROBLEM ON BROAD SIDE ARRAY

126
 PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
(INTRODUCTION)
 The total field Pattern of Non isotropic similar sources is the
multiplication of the individual source patterns of an array of
isotropic point sources each located at the phase centre of the
individual source having relative amplitude and phase.
 Total phase pattern is the addition of the phase pattern of
individual sources and that of the array of isotropic point
sources.
 E= Total field.

127
 PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
 .

 E= multiplication of field Pattern * addition of phase

pattern

128
 PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
 Principal of pattern multiplication is true for any number
of similar sources.
 For two dimensional case

129
 PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
 .

130
 Pattern Multiplication
RADIATION PATTERN OF 4 ISOTROPIC
ELEMENTS FED IN PHASE SPACED APART
(FIG.A)
 .

131
 Pattern Multiplication
RADIATION PATTERN OF 4 ISOTROPIC
ELEMENTS FED IN PHASE SPACED
APART
 Figure(b)

 Figure ( C ) 132
 Two isotropic point sources
spaced apart provides
bidirectional Pattern fig(d)

133
 Two isotropic Radiators
placed lambda apart fed
in phase provides
radiation pattern as
shown in figure (e).

134
RESULTANT RADIATION PATTERN OF FOUR E3LEMENTS IS
OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYING RADIATION PATTERN OF
INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS AND ARRAY OF TWO UNITS SPACED
LAMBDA APART

135
RADIATION PATTERN OF 4 ISOTROPIC POINT
SOURCES FED IN PHASE SPACED APART
 Two isotropic point sources spaced apart Provides
bidirectional Pattern fig (Unit pattern).
 Two isotropic radiators placed apart fed in phase provides
radiation pattern. (Group Pattern).
 Resultant Radiation pattern of 4 elements is obtained by
multiplying radiation pattern of individual elements and array
of two units spaced


136
RADIATION PATTERN OF 8 ISOTROPIC POINT
SOURCES FED IN PHASE SPACED APART

137
 PATTERN FOR ONE UNIT IN 8
ISOTROPIC POINT SOURCES ARRAY
One Unit = 4 Isotropic elements Resultant Pattern

138
RADIATION PATTERN FOR

139
RADIATION PATTERN OF 8 ISOTROPIC
POINT SOURCES

140
 PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
 Application : It is useful in designing an array.
 Disadvantage : All array elements must be isotropic.

141
 BINOMIAL ARRAY
 In this array antenna elements are arranged according to the
coefficients of successive terms of binomial series.

 Advantage of binomial array : Secondary or Minor lobes can be

totally eliminated.
 In Binomial array spacing between the consecutive elements
should not exceed Half wave length.
142
 BINOMIAL ARRAY
 Current amplitudes in the radiating sources are
proportional to the coefficients of Successive terms in
binomial series.
 Relative amplitudes of the current elements can be
obtained from the Pascal’s triangle.
 In Binomial array side lobes are eliminated at the cost of
the directivity.
 In Binomial array the width of the beam widens without
side lobes.

143
BINOMIAL ARRAY

144
BINOMIAL ARRAY

145
 BINOMIAL ARRAY
 Disadvantages of Binomial array :
 HPBW increases there by decreasing the directivity.

 To design an array with more number of elements large

amplitude rate of currents for the radiating sources is
required.

146
RADIATING SOURCES =5- PATTERNS
FOR BSA AND BINOMIAL ARRAY.

147
 RADIATION PATTERN
 Consider far field pattern of two point sources of same
amplitude and phase and its pattern has no minor lobes.

 If another identical array is superimposed then the array

pattern is

148
 RADIATION PATTERN
 the array has three effective sources with amplitudes 1:2:1
 The superimposition at the centre increases the current
amplitude just in double to the sources at the edges. Shown in
figure (A).
 If this three sources of array is superimposed with another
identical array ,then the array effectively consists of four
sources with current amplitude ratio 1:3:3:1 Shown in figure
(B).

149
RADIATION PATTERN (A)

150
RADIATION PATTERN (B)

151
152