WORKSHEET IN SPS

Grade 7- SPORTS
Week 1- Lesson 1: HISTORY OF BIOMECHEMICAL
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Learner: __________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Name of School: __________________________________________________ District: _________________

What you need to know?

History
Biomechanics has a long and intricate history, reaching back
to the days of Aristotle and the first philosophers. These men sought
to understand the driving forces behind life, and as such, they studied
how animals moved and what caused those actions. Building on their
successes, the thinkers of the Renaissance added to these notions.
Leonard DaVinci is still known for his works of anatomy and physiology, which incorporated some of the first math-
driven biomechanics on record. Modern biomechanical engineers have followed in their footsteps.
The ideas behind biomechanics gained footing in the 1500s, with the writings of Descartes, and others that saw the
world in a mechanic way. Thus, was born the science of automatons, or the idea that all creatures were simply
biological machines that reacted to stimuli in the same way a machine would. This idea has captivated scientists
for hundreds of years, as it would give the ultimate ability to control and manipulate these machines. However, as
science progressed, the complexities of the living machines became infinitely intricate. The field branched into
many subdivisions.
Modern biomechanics has innumerable advantages over the early pioneers of the science. Modern
technology can provide insights and measurements that science has never before been able to obtain. For
instance, a greater understanding of nerve impulses came after the invention of the EEG, a test in which a
computer monitors the electrical signals passed between cells. Further advances into microbiology and chemistry
have revealed the internal microscopic structure of muscles. This allows biomechanical engineers to have a full
and clear view of the body and how it works. These advancements have not been left to waste. New
advancements in biomechanics and biotechnology are allowing for novel treatments like artificial limb
and organ replacement. Not only can science produce new joints for old bodies, but the science has advanced far
enough that we can now grow organs using specialized stem cells sprayed onto 3D printed models. The
possibilities of biomechanics are expanding rapidly.
Biomechanics 
The study of how the systems and structures of biological organisms, from the smallest plants to the largest
animals, react to various forces and external stimuli. In humans, biomechanics often refers to the study of how the
skeletal and musculature systems work under different conditions. In biomechanics more generally, scientists often
try to apply physics and other mathematically based forms of analysis to discover the limits and capabilities of
biological systems.
In a way, biomechanics has been around since the inquiring ancient Greek and Roman minds began
dissecting animals and vivisecting humans to discover the inner systems of our bodies. Many of the great
philosophers and scientists of our past tried their hand at some form of biomechanics, from Aristotle, who wrote On
the Motion of Animals in the 4th century BC, to Leonardo da Vinci, who studied human muscle and joint function in
15th century Italy. In the 19th century, scores of Europeans were incredibly fascinated, for some reason, with the
gait of horses and extensively studied the biomechanics of a horse's galloping motion.
ACTIVITY (Week 1 – Lesson 1)
Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: ___________________________
Grade and Section: _______________________________ Specialization: ___________________

How much do you understand?

I. DIRECTION: Complete the table below:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Answer:
1.
2
3.
4.
5.

II. DIRECTION: ESSAY

1. What is the connection of biomechanical to sport? Explain (5 points)
WORKSHEET IN SPS
Grade 7- SPORTS
Week 1- Lesson 2: ROLES OF BIOMECHEMICAL
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Learner: ___________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Name of School: ___________________________________________________ District: _________________

What you need to know?

Define Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of the movement of living things using the science of mechanics. (Hate, 1974)
Biomechanics is the branch of Kinesiology which deals with the precise information of human Movements with scientific
method. It is the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organism so as to prevent from injuries and train
physical movements. There are two methods in Physical Education through which biomechanical principles can be applied to
the several activities which are Qualitative analysis and Quantitative analysis. With the help of qualitative analysis, student’s
overall Physical practice can be performed by maintaining correctness in inadequacy under direct guidance and training.
Biomechanical principles can be used in the Physical Education exercise with four qualitative Biomechanical analyses which
are important for treating poor students to quality student in which at the Beginning there is a physical and mental preparation
of various techniques, sports players, after that there is the direct observation then followed by intervention there is applying
diagnosis as follows.

Role of biomechanics in physical education and sports

Helps in improving Techniques Utilizing the various innovative techniques of Biomechanical Principles in practice and
Sports helps to improve various error detections, improves skills, develop and strengthen qualitative and quantitative analysis
with proper and selected tools and equipments. Design new equipment as biomechanics is the main part in the students’
overall sports performance; it also helps to develop and design structure of equipments, Shoes and sports clothes design,
sports tools facilities like single plate Photography, Automatic Tracking System, Electro goniometry, Accelerometer, Pressure
Measurement, Ground structure, surface structure and lab activities etc. in proper way. According to sports type and place,
sports equipments also are used as per the principles of biomechanics in physical Education and Sports. Increase in sports
performance utilizing various new techniques of biomechanical principles in the Physical Education can help to enhance
performance of students in the several sports. With several models of scientific quantitative analysis like force-motion, force-
time, inertia, motion, coordination, continuum, segmental interaction and balance performance of player in terms of speed,
time, and accuracy in sports can be improved.
Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport movements in order to minimize the
risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport and exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of
science concerned with the analysis of the mechanics of human movement ]. It refers to the description,
detailed analysis and assessment of human movement during sport activities ]. Mechanics is a branch of
physics that is concerned with the description of motion/movement and how forces create motion/movement.
In other words, sport biomechanics is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves in the
way that it does. In sport and exercise, that definition is often extended to also consider the interaction
between the performer and their equipment and environment. Biomechanics is traditionally divided into the
areas of kinematics which is a branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the motion of objects,
including displacement, velocity, and acceleration, without taking into account the forces that produce the
motion while kinetics is the study of the relationships between the force system acting on a body and the
changes it produces in body motion. In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological
considerations we also need to consider when describing biomechanics ].

Importance of biomechanics in sports

1. Improves performance in sports.
2. Development of improved sports performance.
3. Helps in understand human body.
4. Create confidence in sportsperson.
5. Prevents sports injuries. 6. Helps in research work.
7. Improves in training techniques. 8. Increases the popularity of sports
ACTIVITY (Week 1 – Lesson 2)
Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: ___________________________
Grade and Section: _______________________________ Specialization: ___________________

How much do you understand?

I. DIRECTION: Write TRUE if the statement is true and if it FALSE change the underlined
words to make it correct.
1. Biomechanics is the study of the movement of living things using the science of mechanics.
Ans:
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. According to sports type and place, sports equipment also are used as per the principles of biology
in physical Education and Sports
Ans: __________________________________________________________________________
3. There are two methods in Physical Education through which biomechanical principles can be
applied to the several activities which are Qualitative analysis and Quantitative analysis.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________________
4. Increase in dance performance utilizing various new techniques of biomechanical principles in the
Physical Education can help to enhance performance of students in the several sports.
Ans:
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Biomechanics is the branch of Kinesiology which deals with the precise information of human
Movements with scientific method.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________________

II. DIRECTIONS: ESSAY

1. Why is it that biomechanical is important in studying sports?

2. What is the role of biomechanical to sports?

WORKSHEET IN SPS
Grade 7- SPORTS
Week 1- Lesson 3: INTRODUCTION OF BIOMECHEMICAL IN SPORTS
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Learner: ___________________________________________________ Date:
____________________
Name of School: ___________________________________________________ District: _________________

What you need to know?

According to Knudson human movement performance can be enhanced in many ways as effective

movement encompasses anatomical factors, neuromuscular skills, physiological capacities and
psychological/cognitive abilities. Biomechanics is essentially the science of movement technique and as such
tends to be most utilized in sports where technique is a dominant factor rather than physical structure or
physiological capacities. The following are some of the areas where biomechanics is applied, to either
support the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or exercise: 
 The identification of optimal technique for enhancing sports performance 
 The analysis of body loading to determine the safest method for performing a particular sport or
exercise task 
 The assessment of muscular recruitment and loading 
 The analysis of sport and exercise equipment e.g., shoes, surfaces and rackets.
 Biomechanics is utilized to attempt to either enhance performance or reduce the injury risk in the sport
and exercise tasks examined.
Principles of Biomechanics
It is important to know several biomechanical terms and principles when examining the role of
biomechanics in sport and exercise.
Forces and Torques
A force is simply a push or pull and it changes the motion of a body segment or the racket. Motion is
created and modified by the actions of forces (mostly muscle forces, but also by external forces from the
environment). When force rotates a body segment or the racquet, this effect is called a torque or moment of
force. 
Example  - Muscles create a torque to rotate the body segments in all tennis strokes. In the service
action internal rotation of the upper arm, so important to the power of the serve, is the result of an internal
rotation torque at the shoulder joint caused by muscle actions (latissimus dorsi  and parts of the pectoralis
major  and deltoid ). To rotate a segment with more power a player would generally apply more muscle force.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion explain how forces create motion in sport. These laws are usually
referred to as the Laws of Inertia, Acceleration, and Reaction.
I. Law of Inertia
 Newton’s First Law of inertia states that objects tend to resist changes in their state of motion. An
object in motion will tend to stay in motion and an object at rest will tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by
a force. Example  - The body of a player quickly sprinting down the field will tend to want to retain that motion
unless muscular forces can overcome this inertia or a skater gliding on ice will continue gliding with the same
speed and in the same direction, barring the action of an external force.
II. Law of Acceleration
Newton’s Second Law precisely explains how much motion a force creates. The acceleration
(tendency of an object to change speed or direction) an object experiences is proportional to the size of the
force and inversely proportional to the object’s mass (F = ma). Example  - When a ball is thrown, kicked, or
struck with an implement, it tends to travel in the direction of the line of action of the applied force. Similarly,
the greater the amount of force applied, the greater the speed the ball has ]. If a player improves leg strength
through training while maintaining the same body mass, they will have an increased ability to accelerate the
body using the legs, resulting in better agility and speed. This also relates to the ability to rotate segments, as
mentioned above.
 III. Law of Reaction
The Third Law states that for every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction force. This
means that forces do not act alone, but occur in equal and opposite pairs between interacting
bodies. Example  - The force created by the legs “pushing” against the ground results in ground reaction
forces in which the ground “pushes back” and allows the player to move across the court (As the Earth is
much more massive than the player, the player accelerates and moves rapidly, while the Earth does not
really accelerate or move at all). This action-reaction also occurs at impact with the ball as the force applied
to the ball is matched with an equal and opposite force applied to the racket/body.
Momentum
Newton’ Second Law is also related to the variable momentum, which is the product of an object’s
velocity and mass. Momentum is essentially the quantity of motion an object possesses. Momentum can be
transferred from one object to another. There are different types of momentum which each have a different
impact on the sport. 
Linear Momentum
Linear momentum is momentum in a straight line e.g. linear momentum is created as the athlete
sprints in a straight line down the 100m straight on the track.
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum is rotational momentum and is created by the rotations of the various body
segments e.g. The open stance forehand uses significant angular momentum. The tremendous increase in
the use of angular momentum in ground strokes and serves has had a significant impact on the game of
tennis. One of the main reasons for the increase in power of the game today is the incorporation of angular
momentum into ground stroke and serve techniques. In tennis, the angular momentum developed by the
coordinated action of body segments transfers to the linear momentum of the racquet at impact.
Centre of Gravity
The Center of Gravity  (COG) is an imaginary point around which body weight is evenly distributed.
The center of gravity of the human body can change considerably because the segments of the body can
move their masses with joint rotations. This concept is critical to understanding balance and stability and how
gravity affects sport techniques.
The direction of the force of gravity through the body is downward, towards the center of the earth and
through the COG. This line of gravity is important to understand and visualize when determining a person's
ability to successfully maintain balance . When the line of gravity falls outside the Base of Support  (BOS),
then a reaction is needed in order to stay balanced.
The center of gravity of a squash racquet is a far simpler process and can usually be found by
identifying the point where the racket balances on your finger or another narrow object.
Balance
Balance  is the ability of a player to control their equilibrium or stability. You need to have a good
understanding of both static and dynamic balance:
Static Balance
The ability to control the body while the body is stationary. It is the ability to maintain the body in some
fixed posture ]. Static balance is the ability to maintain postural stability and orientation with center of mass
over the base of support and body at rest.
Dynamic Balance 
The ability to control the body during motion. Defining dynamic postural stability is more challenging,
Dynamic balance is the ability to transfer the vertical projection of the center of gravity around the supporting
base of support. Dynamic balance is the ability to maintain postural stability and orientation with center of
mass over the base of support while the body parts are in motion.
Correct Biomechanics
As mentioned above, correct biomechanics provide efficient movement and may reduce the risk of
injury. In sport, it is always good to consider abnormal or faulty biomechanics as a possible cause of injury.
These abnormal biomechanics can be due to anatomical or functional abnormalities ]. Anatomical
abnormalities such as leg length discrepancies cannot be changed, but the secondary effects can be
addressed such as a shoe build up or orthotics for example. Functional abnormalities that can occur can be
muscle imbalances after a long period of immobilization.
In biomechanics the different planes of motion and axes  are often referred to. Have a look at this video, to
refresh your memory.
ACTIVITY (Week 1 – Lesson 3)
Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: ___________________________
Grade and Section: _______________________________ Specialization: ___________________

How much do you understand?

DIRECTION: Match column A to column B. Write your answer beside the item number.

A B

_____1. It states that objects tend to resist changes in A. Law of acceleration

their state of motion.

_____2. It explains how much motion a force creates. B. Law of inertia

_____3. Every action (force) there is an equal and C. Law of reaction

opposite reaction force.

_____4. A momentum in a straight line e.g. linear D. Linear Momentum

momentum is created as the athlete sprints in a
straight line down the 100m straight on the track.
_____5. The ability to control the body while the body E. Dynamic Balance
is stationary.
_____6. The ability to control the body during motion F. Static Balance

______7. provide efficient movement and may reduce the G. Center of gravity

risk of injury. H. Correct Biomechanics

_____8. an imaginary point around which body weight I. Balance

is evenly distributed.

_____9. The ability of a player to control their equilibrium J. Angular Momentum

or stability.

_____10. rotational momentum and is created by the

rotations of the various body segments

WORKSHEET IN SPS
Grade 7- SPORTS
Week 1- Lesson 4: SPORTS SPECIFIC BIOMECHANICS
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Learner: __________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Name of School: __________________________________________________ District: _________________

What you need to know?

 Running Biomechanics
Running  is similar to walking in terms of locomotive activity. However, there are key differences. Having the
ability to walk does not mean that the individual has the ability to run. There are some differences between the gait
and run cycle - the gait cycle is one third longer in time, the ground reaction force is smaller in the gait cycle (so the
load is lower), and the velocity is much higher. In running, there is also just one stance phase while in stepping
there are two. Shock absorption is also much larger in comparison to walking. This explains why runners have
more overload injuries.
Running Requires:
Greater balance
Greater muscle strength
Greater joint range of movement
 Cycling Biomechanics
Cycling was initially invented by Baron Carl von Drais in 1817, but not as we know it. This was a machine
which initially had two wheels that were connected by a wooden plank with a rudder device for steering. It involved
people running along the ground whilst sitting down; giving them the name of a 'running machine' (in all senses) or
a velocipede. This was solely used by the male population at the time of invention. The velocipede then made a
huge design development in the 1860s at the Michaux factory in Paris. They added leaver arms to the front wheel
which were propelled by pedals at the feet. This was the first conventional bicycle, and since then and up until the
current day the bicycle has made great design and technological advances.
A survey in 2014 estimated that over 43% of the United Kingdom population have or have access to a bike and 8%
of the population aged 5 and above cycled 3 or more times a week. With such a large amount of people cycling,
whether it be professional, recreational or for commuting this increase the chance of developing an injury, so it is
time we understood the biomechanics of cycling .
 Baseball Pitching Biomechanics
Baseball pitching  is one of the most intensely studying athletic motions. Although the focus has been more
on the shoulder movement, entire body movement is required to perform baseball pitching. Throwing is also
considered one of the fastest human motions performed, and maximum humeral internal rotation velocity reaches
about 7000 to 7500o/second.
 Tennis Biomechanics
Tennis biomechanics is a very complex task. Consider hitting a tennis ball. First, the athlete needs to see
the ball coming off their opponent's racket. Then, in order, they have to judge the speed, spin, trajectory and, most
importantly, the direction of the tennis ball. The player then needs to adjust their body position quickly to move
around the ball. As the player prepares to hit the ball the body is in motion, the ball is moving both in a linear and
rotation direction if there is spin on the ball, and the racquet is also in motion. The player must coordinate all these
movements in approximately a half a second so they strike the ball as close to the center of the racket in order to
produce the desired spin, speed and direction for return of the ball. A mistake in any of these movements can
create an error.
ACTIVITY (Week 1 – Lesson 4)
Name of Learner: _________________________________ Date: ___________________________
Grade and Section: _______________________________ Specialization: ___________________

How much do you understand?

Identification:

1. In running, what body parts are being used?

Answer:

2. What requires to be a runner?

Answer:

3. What is considered one of the fastest human motions performed?

Answer:

4. What is the most intensely studying athletic motions?

Answer:

5. Explain the difference of each sports in terms of biomechanics?

Answer:
WORKSHEET IN SPS
Grade 7- SPORTS
Week 1- Lesson 1-4: ASSESSMENT
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Learner: __________________________________________________ Date: ____________________
Name of School: __________________________________________________ District: _________________

DIRECTION: Using a diagram below, make your own definition of biomechanical.

BIOMECHANICAL

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by:

CLARE THERESE M. VERGARA ROGET G. PULMA BENITO P. AVORQUE

SPS Teacher SPS Coordinator School Principal