Fluid Mechanics (II)

Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Momentum Equation

•Control volume equation

•Linear
Lin m
momentum
m nt m
•Newton’s second law
•Control Volume momentum equation
•2D momentum equation
•Example

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Recall the control volume equation

dBsystem d
  dV   V . A
dt dt CV CS

Let Bsystem = momentum of the system

= mass x velocity = mV
So 
So, =V

dMomentumsystem d
t
 V dV  V V . A
dt dt CV CS

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

From Newton’s second law, :

d momentum 
F  dt
Substituting

F
dMomentumsystem d
 V dV  V V . A
dt dt CV CS

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Or

d
F  dt 
d CV
VdV  VV.A
CS

Linear Momentum Equations

Vector Equations

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb
Expanding F and V vectors in Cartesian Coordinate
System :

F  Fx iˆ  Fx ˆj  Fx kˆ
V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ x

S bstit t iin control

Substitute t l volume
l momentum
t equation
ti :

d
F  dt V dV  
CS
V V . A
CV

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb
We get:

 ˆ ˆ d
 
 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  dt  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ dV  
ˆ  
uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ V .A
CVv CS

Resolve:
d
x  direction :  Fx   udV   uV . A
dt CV CS

d
y  direction :  F y   vdV   vV . A
dt CV CS

d
z  direction :  Fz   wdV   wV . A
dt CV CS

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

If the flow is steady then : Zero

d
x  direction :  Fx   udV   uV . A
dt CV CS

d
y  direction :  F y   vdV   vV . A
dt CV CS

d
z  direction :  Fz   wdV   wV . A
dt CV CS

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

And the momentum equations for 3D and steady flow are:

 Fx   uV .A
CS

 Fy   vV . A
CS

 Fz  
CS
wV .A

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

For 2D steady flow in x-y plane :

 Fx   uV .A
CS

 Fy   vV . A
CS

 Fz  
CS
wV .A

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb
And we are left with
A2 V2
 F   uV . A
x
CS

 Fy   vV . A
CS CV
CS2

A1
y
Control
C nt l V
Volume
lum
Momentum
equations for V1
2D , steady
d CS1
flow x

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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Momentum equation in x-direction :

A2 V2
 Fx   uV . A
CS
u2
CS2
y
CV
A1 Fx
u1

x V1
CS1
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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Momentum equation in y-direction : v2

Fy
 F   v V . A
y
CS
A2 V2

CS2
y
CV
A1
v1

x V1
CS1
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Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Expand momentum equation in x-direction :

F x   uV . A
CS

  
Fx  uV . A 1  uV . A 2 
Fx  u1V1 A1   u2 V2 A2 
Fx  V1 A1 u2  u1 
Fx  m u2  u1 
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 Momentum Equation
Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Similarly in y-direction :

 F   v V . A
y
CS

F  vV . A  vV . A
y 1 2

Fy  v1V1 A1   v2 V2 A2 

Fy  V1 A1 v2  v1 
Fy  m v2  v1 
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Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Example :

Consider a jet that is deflected by a stationary vane,

vane such
as is given below. If the jet speed and diameter are 30 m/s
and 2.5 cm respectively, and the jet is deflected 60o, what
f
force is
i exerted
t d on th
the vane bby th
the jet?
j t?
Smooth Vane
V1=30 m/s

600
2.5 cm
P=const

V2

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Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Example :

Taking a control volume as shown and assume that forces

are positive as shown
Fy
A1
CV
V1 Fx

CS1 CS2
A2

V2

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Alexandria University M.A. Kotb

Solution
 
m   V1 A1   V 2 A2  1000 x 30 x  x 0.025 2   14.726 kg
g/s
4 
Fx  m u2  u1 
 14.72630cos60 - 30  220.89 N

Fy  m v2  v1 
 14.726- 30sin60 - 0   382.877 N

Then the force on the vane will be the reactions to the forces of the vane on the jet, or
Fx  220.89 N
Fy  382.877 N

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