Media and Information Literacy

MOTION INFORMATION AND MEDIA

Motion is described as the act or process of moving or being moved (Oxford University, n.d.). It is
the action of constantly moving from one place to the next or changing position (HarperCollins,
n.d.).

Motion media can be defined as a media communication that provides the presence of spatial
movement of texts and images. Practically, these are visual media. Aside from that, motion media
are considered as collections of images and footages. These media are combined with other media,
such as text and audio, to produce multimedia.

Motion Information, otherwise, is the file or clip that is created using motion media. Occasionally,
it is utilized as a support to the visual tracking of a certain thing or object.

In motion media, every graphic or image is a frame. Through rendering, or the act of displaying
consecutively various frames per second, motion is produced. For one to have a smooth animation,
one must have 24 frames or more per second. This series of frames or graphics follows a sequence
to create a story or a message. This sequence is called a storyboard. It represents the shots planned
for a commercial, film, or television show (Oxford University, n.d.).

Characteristics of Motion Media

 These transfer messages to many people
 These deliver the same message to the audience at once
 These represent messages that are typically indifferent and temporary
 These are multisensory
 These are formal, influential channels of communication
 These are contributors in behavior and attitude alteration
 These discuss some important issues, persons, organizations, or social movements

Production of Motion Media

1. Informally produced motion media are created by people just for personal consumption.
2. Formally produced motion media are made by professionals, such as film directors, who
follow the standard of the industry when it comes to the refinement and creation of motion
media.
The formal production of motion media includes the succeeding steps:
 Generating of storyboard
 Script writing and dialogue recording
 Sketching for animation; Acting and shooting for video
 Adding background music and background details
 Rendering

Formats of Motion Media

1. Film – a series of moving graphics or images, with accompanying of a recorded sound
2. Television – a telecommunication system for transmitting and receiving visual images and
sounds that are reproduced on screens (Oxford University, n.d.)
3. Interactive Video – a kind of digital video that involves the user’s interaction and participation
4. Others (such as Internet and Mobile Phone)

Sources of Motion Media

1. Internet - a universal computer network that delivers a variety of information and
communication facilities (Oxford University, n.d.)
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2. Film and Television Studios - a place where films, television shows, and broadcast
productions are produced (HarperCollins, n.d.)
3. Broadcast Channels - a terrestrial frequency or computer-generated number over which a
broadcast station or broadcast network is disseminated
4. Video Channels - an account on an online media sharing or streaming service from which one
can create media content, such as videos, accessible to other people who are also using the
service (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
5. Library - a building or room that contains collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes
movies and recorded audio for people to read, borrow, or refer to (Oxford University, n.d.)

Basic Methods on Determining the Credibility of Motion Media

 Validity of the information – we need to know if the information was peer-reviewed and
provable
 Source – we need to identify the types of source used to generate the information; we also
need to determine if the video was an actual footage of the event or a mere representation of
the information learned about it
 Relationship of the author to the event – we need to learn if the author has first-hand
knowledge about the event
 Technical methods of detecting tampered/fake video:
o Video smoothness
o Lighting coverage matches
o Scale and size consistent - scale refers to the size of an object in relation to another object

Advantages of Motion Media

❖ These provide better mastery of processes
❖ These display the procedures in detail and in sequence
❖ These allow for harmless observation
❖ These capture motion in a manner that can be viewed over and over
❖ These allow recreation of the scenes, history, events, and phenomena
❖ These contribute in molding personal and social attitudes
❖ These provide problem-solving skills for the viewers
❖ These promote cultural understanding and appreciation
❖ These establish harmony among the people with different cultural backgrounds

Limitations of Motion Media

❖ These cannot be interrupted by the viewers
❖ These are, at times, unsuitable for other topics that are presented best using stagnant pictures
❖ These are subject to misinterpretation, especially for younger audiences who lack maturity
❖ These are oftentimes more expensive than other forms of visual media

Elements and Principles of Motion Design

Motion is a vital part of any commercial, film, or television show. It is significant because the
movement of the combination of texts and images or pictures delivers an effective message to the
viewers. A well-crafted motion makes the audience appreciate any motion-based media
presentation. Motion Design is a discipline that applies the principles of graphic design to film
making and video production through utilization of animation and visual effects.

The following are the elements of motion design or the things that a person must work with to
create a motion:
1. Speed – highlights the tone of the movement; The two types are:
o Fast Movement – provides alertness and escalating emotions
o Slow Movement - indicates weariness, seriousness, or sorrow
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2. Direction – specifies a movement from one route to another; refer to the growth or shrinkage
of an object or thing
3. Motion Path - refers to the spatial movement that a thing or an animated object will take;
displays the change in direction of a certain movement
4. Timing – is used to explain or strengthen the message or the event; it has two kinds:
o Objective Timing - can be measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.
o Subjective Timing - is psychologically experienced or felt

Aside from the objects that a person must work with in producing a certain motion, principles of
motion design, or the motion techniques for merging the various elements or objects of motion
design, should also be studied:
 Speed, direction, and timing should portray natural laws of physics.
 Timing influences recall.
 Transitions are utilized to shift between scenes.
 Sound and color enhance depth and purpose to a certain movement.
 Cartooning one’s image and text offers dynamic movement. This can be easily done by the
following movements: stretching, rotating, and squashing.
 Blurring can be used in several ways. In animation, blurring gives the illusion of fast
movement. In videos, blurring is frequently used to censor confidential information or
sensitive content.

MANIPULATIVE INFORMATION AND MEDIA

This refers to the materials, programs, applications, and the like that we can use to formulate new
information.
Dimensions of Manipulative Information and Media

A. Definition, Characteristics and Sources

Manipulate means to handle, manage, or influence something or someone skillfully. Although to
manipulate may be used to create order, it can also be done unfairly which will only favor one
side.

The media world often uses information to describe knowledge

of specific events or situations that has been collected or perceived
through communication, intelligence, or news. Therefore,
manipulative information is the type of information that can be
handled, managed, or influenced by something or someone skillfully
for the advantage or disadvantage of something or someone.

Media manipulation is the strategy used by advertising or marketing firms to manipulate

information in favor of a client who wants to promote their product or service. Through media
manipulation, a firm can create an image or argument which will favor their client using
propaganda techniques and suppression of information which can widely influence the people.

Various research agreed that TV advertisements have a positive influence on the consumer’s
buying behavior. So, some firms use manipulative information to convince the consumers to buy
the product of their client. Some of these firms are:
1. Marketing firm or Ad Agency. They generate sales of goods and services and directly
contribute to the company's profitability. They usually offer services like creating, planning,

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 and handling different forms of advertisements to promote their clients and their clients’
products and services.

2. Public Relations (PR) firm. They coordinate relationships through the media with various
publicities in order to gain public acceptance and approval of the client's activities, including
its sales activities. They intend to change the public’s action by influencing their opinions.

B. Format and Types

Manipulative information and media can be formally and informally produced, organized, and
disseminated through different types and formats.

1. Consumer confusion is the state of mind of the consumers during purchasing products that
leads them to having lack of confidence towards their purchasing decision. This can even lead
to incorrect purchasing decisions. This is a result of having too many of the same products in
the market. Some sellers become creative with their packaging so it stands out. Meanwhile,
some try to attract the consumers with different kinds of promotions which confuses the
customers.
Example: In a grocery store, there are various promotions for each kind of product between
the two different brands. Usually, consumers are confused as to which one they should buy.
 Two brands of detergent: ‘Buy One, Take One’ or ‘Buy One, Get One Free’
 Two brands of shampoo: ‘Buy 10 plus 1’ or ‘Buy 10 plus free mug’ promo

2. Crowd manipulation is the intentional use of principles and techniques of crowd psychology. This is
used by advertising firms to engage, control, and/or influence the desires of the consumers to make
them believe that there is a great demand for the product being advertised.
Example strategies used by advertising firms for crowd manipulation:
 Hired random people would attest to the efficacy of the product.
 False survey results or testimonies to convince the consumers the benefits of the product.

3. Propaganda is the information or idea that an advertising firm can release using different forms of
media which can help the image of their client and adversely affect the image of its opponent.
Example: Showing the charity work done by the client while exposing the opponent’s slush funds.

4. Gatekeeping is the type of manipulation where information is being filtered for dissemination
(whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication). The
public is informed with only a portion of the truth for different kinds of purposes.
Examples:
 During a gas leak accident in a condominium, only few casualties are mentioned to protect the
owner of the condominium.
 During a terrorist attack, the strategy of the soldiers to rescue the hostages are not disclosed to the
public for security and protection purposes.

5. Celebrity endorsements is the use of celebrities as endorsers of a certain product or services who will
attest to its effectiveness and good quality.
Example: Kris Aquino, “The Queen of all Media”, was named top celebrity endorser by YES!
Magazine because of her credibility and gift of gab. She endorses a lot of products and services which
includes brands of bakeshop, textiles, juices, canned goods, shampoo, telecom, feminine wash and
many more.

6. Hoax is the use of manipulative information which intends to deceive or defraud the public.

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 Example: In 2015, Peter Onneken and Diana Löbl, a pair of documentary filmmakers from Germany,
and John Bohannon, a biologist and science journalist based at Harvard, tricked millions of people into
believing chocolate could help them lose weight.

7. Psychological manipulation is used by advertising agencies which aim to influence and

affect the public’s belief, emotions, motives and/or reasoning towards a certain product,
service, or situation.
Example: An advertising agency highlights the slimming components of a juice product thus
creating a higher demand for that product with slimming components and the premise that
being slim is better.

8. Fear mongering or scaremongering is the dissemination of frightening and exaggerated

rumors of an imminent danger or the tactic of purposely and needlessly aiming to instill fear to
the public.
Example: If the news exaggerated that the power of Abu Sayyaf penetrated Luzon and risks
planting bombs in malls, there would be a decline of people going to malls and even other
public places.
C. Advantages and Limitations
Advantages of Manipulative Information
 It can boost the image of a person, product, or services.
 It can filter the information that would be disseminated to the public.
 It can provide a sense of control and order when it comes to the kind and amount of
information to be publicized.
Limitations of Manipulative Information
 It can be biased and/or subjective to protect the image of a person, product, or services.
 It can mislead the facts and conceal sensitive issues.
 It can hide the truth that the public has the rights to know.

D. Value of Manipulative Information and Media

You can identify whether a manipulative data is good or bad based on:
1. Motive or Purpose. It is important to identify the cause or the purpose why a particular group
employed it.
Examples:
 A general infomercial was released to inform the public regarding disaster-preparedness
in case a disaster like flood or earthquake happens. (Good motive or purpose)
 A TV commercial was released to create a good image to a political candidate and to
convince the public to vote for them even if they do not have the integrity and good
intentions to run for position. (Bad motive or purpose)

2. Degree of Influence or Impact. It is the extent on how the manipulation of information can
produce effects on the actions, behavior and/or opinions of the public. Some advertising and
public relations firms engage in manipulation to increase the degree of influence or impact to
the public.
Examples:
 If the general infomercial released for disaster preparedness is misinterpreted, the public
might panic which will produce a negative impact despite the good motive or purpose.
 Some commercials, like those involving cigarettes and liquor, can influence people to
consume things that could be potentially dangerous to their health. It can also influence
young people to try it too.

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 MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION AND MEDIA

Multimedia of today can be defined as the seamless digital integration of text, graphics,
animation, audio, still images and motion video in a way that provides individual users with high
levels of control and interaction. Presenting information in the form of multimedia can be more
interesting because it can be delivered in different modes. We call this a multimedia
presentation.

A multimedia presentation can incorporate images to make a

visual impact on viewers and/or insert video clips to appeal to both
visual and auditory senses.

Type of Multimedia Presentation

1. Slideshow Presentation
It is a presentation of photographic slides or electronic images
projected on a surface or displayed on a screen one after
another as a series. It is usually made using software
programs such as Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation
(PPT) where the user can present text information
with images, audio, and video clips.

Aside from PowerPoint Presentation, there are other software programs where slideshows can be
created made such as:
 Google Slides - for presentations that allow online collaboration
 Zoho Show - for built-in broadcasting tools to stream presentations
 Prezi - for non-linear and animated presentations
 Canva - for creative presentations using different templates
 Evernote Presentation Mode - a presentation made from notes. “With one click of a button,
presentation mode expands your note to the dimensions of your monitor so that everyone in a
group can clearly see the details of your note, whether it's text, images, or attached PDF or
MS Office files.”

2. Audio Visual Presentations

These are electronic presentations that contain both sound
and visual components, such as slide-tape presentations,
films, television programs, and live theater productions.

3. Overhead Projector (OHP)

It is like a film or a slide projector which uses light to project
an enlarged image on a screen. In an OHP, the source of the
image is usually a page-sized sheet of transparent plastic film
where the image to be projected is printed, hand-written or
drawn on the transparent plastic film. with the image to be
projected which can either be printed, hand-written, or drawn.
A presentation using an OHP can only be used to display
text and/or images.
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4. Smart Board
An interactive whiteboard where you can input or navigate
information through touch detection. Since it has
touchscreen features, you can navigate the information
displayed on the smart board using a mouse or just your
fingertips.

Characteristics of Multimedia Information

The multimedia of today can be a combination of text, graphics, animation, audio, still images
and/or motion video. Thus, multimedia information has different characteristics such as:

1. Electronic or digital. A multimedia presentation can be prepared and delivered electronically

or digitally through various computer applications, software, and/or online tools.

2. Interactive. A multimedia presentation is interactive since it stimulates the visual and

auditory sense of the audience. Actions such as voice command, text entry, mouse
manipulation, touch screen, screenshot and/or video capture make the multimedia presentation
interactive.

3. Dynamic. A multimedia presentation is said to be dynamic since it can be played, projected,

recorded, and/or accessed using different kinds of technology and computer applications. The
combination of visual graphics and/or images with sound effects and/or background music
make a presentation more dynamic.

Different Uses of Multimedia

You can see various forms of multimedia not only on the internet, but also in public places. If you
go to hotels, train stations, shopping malls, museums, and grocery stores, you will see kiosks,
digital bulletins, AVP presentations and so on. Different fields of specializations also use
multimedia for different purposes.

Field of Specialization Uses of Multimedia

Education Gamification of lessons, engaging classroom lectures, online learning

Entertainment Movies and animation

Industry Presentation of products/services, Marketing, Advertising
Medicine Surgery simulations, medical presentations

Users of Multimedia Presentation

1. Teachers or Lecturers – to present lessons and appeal to the student’s visual and auditory senses.
2. Motivational or Public Speakers – to present, inform, influence, motivate or entertain their audience.
3. Salespeople – to display and showcase their offered products/services.

Evaluating and Rating Multimedia Information

The following are important things to consider as an audience in assessing multimedia
information:
1. Content. The content of a multimedia presentation may vary depending on the setting of the
presentation. For instance, a multimedia presentation in a biology class with the topic on
photosynthesis must contain both text and visual information. An animation video will also be
helpful for the students to visualize the processes in photosynthesis.
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2. Purpose or application. The purpose or application of a multimedia presentation can be
diverse. For example, an audio-visual presentation (AVP) to be shown in a wedding reception
should match the mood of the occasion. The AVP should include elements of text, images,
and/or video clips to make it more appealing to the audience.
3. Manner of presentation. A multimedia presentation can be presented in various ways. It can
be done through a slideshow presentation or an audio-visual presentation. The following
factors should be used in rating a multimedia presentation:

a. Audience. One of the factors that must be considered in selecting your target audience is
their age. Based on research the age of a person can affect its attention span (the average
attention span of an adult can last about 20 minutes while a younger person usually has less)
and presentation preference. Some audience may prefer presentations that are informative,
direct, and with graphical representations while others may prefer it to be more broad,
entertaining, and so on.

b. Topic. The type of presentation must be aligned with the topic to make an effective and
ffective presentation. For example, if the topic is about the sales of the company, the audience
expects a presentation that includes pictures, charts, and graphs.

c. Resources. The availability of resources is a factor in preparing presentations. For instance, if

schools do not have enough budget to purchase smart boards and LCD projectors, the teachers
would use their LED/LCD TVs for playing music, slideshows, and videos as alternatives.

Advantages of Multimedia Information

 It presents the information in a more organized and in an interesting manner.
 It empowers and supplements the speaker for a more dynamic and more interactive lecture.
 It makes information easier to understand since it is presented in a creative manner.

Limitations of Multimedia Information

 If it presents too much information, it can overwhelm the audience.
 It can cause the speaker to become too dependent on the technology.
 Most multimedia tools require a power source. Therefore, the lack of electricity or drained
batteries can jeopardize the delivery of the information.
 It takes a lot of time and effort to conceptualize, plan, and organize an effective presentation.
If the time given to prepare one is too short, for example, a day or two before the actual
presentation, the quality of the information and presentation might be compromised.

Coverage for 2nd Quarter Examination Type of Test: Multiple Choice

 Media and Information Literate Individual
 Text Information and Media
 Visual Information and Media
 Audio Information and Media
 Motion Information and Media
 Manipulative Information and Media
 Multimedia Information and Media

Compiled by: Mrs. Mary Cris C. Abello

Subject Teacher
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