144-GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

THOZHUVUR , VALANGAIMAN-612804

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PLANNIG, DESIGNING, ESTIMATING AND ANALYSIS OF

TELECOMMUCATION TOWER IN STAAD Pro

PROJECT WORK 2020-2021

Submitted by

S.JAGADESH 19101413

M.JAYAPRKASH 19101414

A.JAGAN 19101415

R.KALIALKAN 19101417

K.KARTHIK RAJ 19101418

D.VEERACOLARAJAN 19110458

Under the guidance of project

Ms.S.TASHLIMA .B.E,

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 144-GOVERNMENT POLYTECHINC COLLEGE
THOZHUVUR, VALANGAIMAN -6012 804

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATION

This is certify that the project work report of “PLANNING, DESIGNING,

ANALYSISING AND ESTIMATION OF A TELECOMMUNCATION
TOWER” is the
Bonafide record work done by Mr/Ms…………………………………………

Reg. No…………………….. In practical fulfilment of the requirement of the

Diploma in Civil Engineering during the year 2020-2021

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THEDEPARTMENT

Ms.S.THASLIMA.B.E., (Mr.R.UDHAYA SANKAR. ME., PHD.,)

Submitted for the Board of Examination held on…………………………

INTERNERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
AKNOWLEDGEMENT

3
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We convey our sincere thanks to our beloved principal

Mr. K. TAMILARASU, M.E., for having given his consentation to do our project
work on this topic.

Further we convey our thanks and gratitude to our head of the department

Mr. R. UDHAYSHANKAR, M.E, Ph.D., for having supported us in doing this

project successfully.

We are more thankful and grateful to our guide Ms. S.THASLIMA.B.E., for all his

guidance in making this project a success.

We would like to convey out sincere and whole hearted thanks to all teaching and
non-teaching staff and our students, friends for all their help in completing this
project work.

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SYNOPSYS

5
 SYNOPSYS

The tower area of 2109 sqft, and the total area of 2200 sqft.
The proposed tower of “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS TOWER” is to
Be located at “VALAGAIMAN” Total approximate cost of tower

50,00,000 lakhs

The facillities are planned as per general norms from PWD and
Neccessary elements provisions the tower against earth quake and theft
The tower elements are designed by limit state methodasper
IS 800 NBC code provision are followed current PWD seheduled will be used in the cast of
estimation. Our construction work and materials used an environmental ecofriendly.

KEY WORD:
Electric Tower,STAAD PRO v8i,Design & Estimation of Electric Steel Tower.

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 CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 SPECIFICATION
 LIST OF SYMBALS
 UNIT CONVENSION
 STEEL STRUTURE DESIGN
 REAL MODEL VIEW
 STAAD ANALSIS
 ESTIMATION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Wireless systems and services have undergone a remarkable
development, since the first cellular and cordless telephone systems were
introduced in the early 1980s. First generation cellular and cordless
telephone systems were based on analog FM technology and designed to
carry narrow-band circuit switched voice services. Second generation
cellular and cordless telephone systems were introduced in the early
1990s that use digital modulation, and offer improved spectral
efficiency, and voice quality. However, these second generation systems
are still used for narrow-band voice and data services. Third generation
wireless systems, currently under development that offer substantially
higher bit rates ranging from 9.6 kb/s for satellite users, 144 kb/s for
vehicular users, 384 kb/s for pedestrian users to 2.048 Mb/s for indoor
office environments. These systems are intended to provide voice, data,
the more bandwidth intensive multimedia services, while satisfying
more stringent availability and quality of service (QoS) requirements in
all types environments. Fourth generation systems are also on the
horizon that will provide broadband wireless access with asymmetric bit
rates that approach 1 Gb/s. Radio access systems are often distinguished
by their coverage areas and bit rates, as shown in Fig. 1.1. Mobile
satellite systems provide global coverage to mobile users, but with very
low bit rates. Land mobile radio systems use terrestrial cellular and
microcellular networks to provide wide area coverage to vehicular and
pedestrian users. Fixed wireless access systems provide radio
connectivity over a campus or neighborhood area to stationary users.
Finally, wireless local area networks provide stationary in-building users
with very high speed services.
1.2 SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Second generation digital
cellular systems have been developed throughout the world. These include the
GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900 standard in Europe, the PDC standard in Japan, and the

8
IS 54-/136 and IS-95 standards in the United States. Parameters of the air
interfaces of these standards are summarized in Tabs. 1.2 and 1.3, and a brief
description of each follows.
1.2.1 GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900 European countries seen the deployment of
incompatible first generation cellular systems that prevented roaming throughout
Europe. As as result, the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT) established Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) in 1982 with
the mandate of defining standards for future Pan-European cellular radio systems.
The GSM
1.3
Telecommunication is an economic miracle that has transformed the lives of
millions and contributed immensely towards India's socio-economic development.
Telecommunication towers are tall structures designed for supporting parabolic
antennas installed at a specific height. The telecommunication industry plays a
great role in the present societies and thus more attention is now being paid to
telecommunication towers compared to the past. The direction and height of tower
along with the antennas mounted on it is completely governed by the functional
requirements. Communication towers act as vertical trusses and resists wind load
by cantilever action. The bracing members are arranged in many forms, that carry
only tension, or alternatively tension and compression. The bracing is made up of
crossed diagonals, when it is designed to resist only tension. Based on the direction
of wind, one diagonal takes all the tension while the other diagonal is assumed to
remain inactive. Tensile bracing is smaller in crosssection and is usually made up
of a back-to back channel or angle sections. Communication Towers are classified
under three categories, i.e. guyed masts, monopole, and self-supporting tower.
Self-supporting towers are generally preferred since they require less base area.
There are different types of bracing systems that are commonly adopted such as
Single diagonal bracing, double diagonal (X-X) bracing, (X-B) bracing, (X-B-X)
bracing, arch bracing, subdivided V bracing, diamond lattice system of bracing, K,
Y, W, X bracing etc.
Types of wind forces on buildings • Shear Load – Wind pressure that is horizontal
and could make a building tilt. • Lateral Load – A pulling and pushing horizontal
pressure that can cause a building to move off its foundation. • Uplift Load –
Pressures from wind flow that cau00000000ses lifting effects.
Objective: The objective of this work is to reduce the Displacements and steel
quantity of the communication tower in the event of wind load effects by
considering most suitable bracing system.

9
 Scope :Four legged Tele communication towers of height 24m designed with both
Pipe and Angular cross sections considering four types of bracing patterns at
different basic wind speeds (33m/sec, 39m/sec, 44m/sec, 47m/sec, 50m/sec and
55m/sec), have been modeled to evaluate the performance of different bracing
system in different wind zones

10
 CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Many analytical works have been conducted and published worldwide in
the area of Analysis and Design of Steel Towers. Chiu and Taoka et al. 1973 [1]
performed an experimental and theoretical study on the dynamic response of lattice
self- supporting telecommunication towers under real and simulated wind forces.
The study revealed that the tower response to windinduced forces was dominated by
the fundamental mode of vibration. Konno and Kimura et. al.

Parametric Comparison of Communication Towers with Different Bracings

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 237 editor@iaeme.com

1973 [2] researched on the effects of earthquake loads on lattice telecommunication

towers mounted on top of buildings. It was observed that in some member forces
due to earthquake were greater than those due to wind. Badruddin Ahmed et al. 1984
[3] discussed on behavior of self-supporting towers under wind loads by analysing
some existing towers and compared the results with measured data. Mikus et al.
1994 [4] investigated the seismic response of six 3-legged, 20m to 90m height self-
supporting telecommunication towers with heights ranging from 20 to 90 meters. It
was concluded that modal superposition with the lowest four modes of vibration
would ascertain sufficient precision. Galvez et. al. 2004 [5] performed additional
studies to introduce simplifying methods for the seismic analysis of
telecommunication towers. It was concluded that contribution of second and third
transversal modes of vibration on the maximum acceleration at the top of the towers,
depending on the tower type, varies from 15% to 50%. Silva et al. 2005 [6]
researched on an alternative structural analysis modeling strategy for the steel tower
design considering all the actual structural forces and moments combining 3D beam

11
and truss finite elements. Ghodrati Amiri et al. 2007 [7] investigated the seismic
sensitivity of 4-legged telecommunication towers based on modal superposition
analysis. Empirical relations have been presented to approximate the dynamic
response of towers under seismic loadings. Efthymiou et al. 2009 [8] researched on
the influence of the wind action on the structural behaviour of the lattice masts and
developed the deformation configuration for all the masts. The study was carried out
by means of innovative software in order to introduce the wind actions thoroughly.
Simulation models have been configured for the masts under investigation
incorporating all special geographical parameters and structural arrangements.
Swami et al. 2010 [9] worked out that the steel towers of heights ranging from 50m
to 250m are considered for wind load analysis. The variation of wind force with
height, geometry and the dynamic properties of the structure are studied. Siddesha
et al. 2010 [10] presented on the analysis of microwave antenna tower with Static
and Gust factor method and compared the towers with angle and square hollow
sections. The towers with different configuration have also been analyzed by
removing one-member present in the regular tower in lower panels. Nitin Bhosale et
al. 2012 [11] carried out the seismic response of 4 legged telecommunication towers
under the effect of design spectrum from the Indian code of practice for zone – IV.
The axial forces of the tower member are considered and comparison is made
between roof top tower and ground tower. Jesumi et al. 2013 [12] modelled five steel
lattice towers with different bracing configurations such as the X-B, single diagonal,
X-X, K and Y bracings for a given range of height. The towers are analyzed for wind
loads with STAAD Pro. V8i, to compare the maximum joint displacement of each
tower. From the results obtained, Y bracing are found to be the most economical
bracing system up to a height of 50m. Preeti et al. 2013 [13] analysed a self-
supporting transmission line tower with three different types of bracing patterns (W,
Y, and XB) to obtain an optimal bracing configuration. Richa Bhatt et al. 2013 [14]

12
discussed on the influence of modeling in lattice mobile communication towers
under wind loading. The towers are analysed for gust factor wind displacements,
member forces and maximum stress and compared to find out the effect on towers.
Wind analysis is carried on antenna towers with static & gust factor method and the
displacements at the top of the tower with angle and square sections are recorded.
Jithesh Rajasekharan et al. 2014 [15] designed the lattice tower for three heights of
30m, 40m and 50m with different types of bracings to study the effect of wind load
on 4- legged lattice tower for wind zone V and VI using gust factor method. The
seismic effect on tower structures by modal analysis and response spectrum analysis
for zone II to zone V was also studied. It was observed that from 30m to 40m tower
height, the increase in displacement is nearly linear but as the height increases from
40m to 50m there is a steep increase in the displacement in all the zones. Preetil et
al. 2015 [16] explored on the analysis of 4 legged angular self-supporting
telecommunication towers is performed. Assessment is done based on modal
analysis, by comparing the results of roof top tower and ground based tower. Keshav

P. Markandeya Raju, M. Pavan Kumar, D. Vishalakshi and K. Manoharini

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 238 editor@iaeme.com

Sharma et al. 2015 [17] designed a 45m height self-supporting tower with
combination of K and X bracing for seismic along with the wind effect. Specific
codes like IS 802 [18], Steel Table IS 808 [19], IS 1893 [20], and IS 800:2007 [21]
are used to design a tower. From the review of Literature, it can be observed that,
although researchers have done extensive work on Transmission line and
Telecommunication towers, a comparison of 4 legged Transmission line towers with
different bracing systems subjected to wind loads needs some additional attention

13
 CHAPTER –III
SPECIFICATION
3.1 LIST OF BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD CODES
I.S. No. Subject 1. IS 632 Gamma – BHC (Lindane) emulsifiable concentrates,
2. IS 1200 (Pt 1) Method of measurement of earth work, 3. IS 1200 (Pt-27) Method
of measurement of earth work (by Mechanical Appliances ), 4 .IS

4081 Safety code for Blasting and related drilling operation 5. IS 4988 (Part IV)
Excavators, 6.IS 6313 (pt-II) Anti Termite measures in buildings (pre
constructional), 7. IS 6313(pt.-III) Anti Termite Measures in Buildings for existing
buildings, 8. IS 6940 Methods of test for pesticides and their formulations, 9. IS
8944 Chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrates, 10. IS 8963 Chlorpyrifos – Technical
specifications, 11. IS 12138 Earth moving Equipments .

3.2 EARTH WORK EXCAVATION:

All excavation operations manually or by mechanical means shall include
excavation and ‘getting out’ the excavated materials. In case of excavation for
trenches, basements, water tanks etc. ‘getting out’ shall include throwing the
excavated materials at a distance of at least one metre or half the depth of excavation,
whichever is more, clear off the edge of excavation. In all other cases ‘getting out’
shall include depositing the excavated materials as specified. The subsequent
disposal of the excavated material shall be either stated as a separate item or included
with the items of excavation stating lead.

14
3.3 FOUNDATION
The work in foundation and plinth Rshall include For buildings All works upto
1.2 metre above ground level or upto floor 1 level whichever is lower For abutments,
piers and well steining all works upto 1.2 m above the bed level. For retaining wall,
wing walls, compound walls, chimneys, over head reservoirs/ tanks and other
elevated structures: All works upto 1.2 metre above the ground level, For reservoirs/
tanks (other than overhead reservoirs/ tanks) All works upto 1.2 metre above the
ground level. For basements All works upto 1.2 m above ground level or upto floor
1 level whichever is lower. Specific provision shall be made in the estimate for such
situations where the foundation level is more than 3 (three) metre depth from the
plinth for all types of structures mentioned above.

3.4 FILLING:
Filling with excavated earth shall be done in regular horizontal layers each not
exceeding 20 cm in depth. All lumps and clods exceeding 8 cm in any direction shall
be broken. Each layer shall be watered and consolidated with steel rammer or ½
tonne roller. Where specified, every third and top must layer shall also be
consolidated with power roller of minimum 8 tonnes. Wherever depth of filling
exceeds 1.5 metre vibratory power roller shall be used to consolidate the filing unless
otherwise directed by Engineer-in-charge. The top and sides of filling shall be neatly
dressed. The contractor shall make good all subsidence and shrinkage in earth
fillings, embankments, traverses etc. during execution and till the completion of
work unless otherwise specified.

3.5 CONCRERTE WORKS:

IS 456- 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (as amended
up to date) shall be followed in regard to Concrete Mix Proportion and its production

15
as under : (a) The concrete mix design shall be done as “Design Mix Concrete” as
prescribed in clause-9 of IS 456 mentioned above. (b) Concrete shall be
manufactured in accordance with clause 10 of above mentioned IS 456 covering
quality assurance measures both technical and organizational, which shall also
necessarily require a qualified Concrete Technologist to be available during
manufacture of concrete for certification of quality of concrete.

(ii) Minimum M -25 grade of concrete shall be used in all structural elements made
with RCC both in load bearing and framed structure.

3.6 ADMIXTURES:
There shall be no bar on use of FACC in RCC structures subject to following
additional conditions. (i) Fly ash shall have its chemical characteristics and physical
requirements etc. conforming to IS 3812 (part I & II) and shall be duly certified.

3.7 REINFORCEMENT:
The steel used for reinforcement shall be any of the following types:
(a) Mild steel and medium tensile bars conforming to IS 432
(b) High strength deformed steel bars conforming to IS 1786,
(c) Hard drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566,
(d) Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS 2062,
(e) Thermo-mechanically treated (TMT BAR),

16
 3.8 DAMP PROOF COURSE:
This shall consist of cement concrete of specified proportions and thickness.
The surface of brick or stone masonry work shall be levelled and prepared before
laying the cement concrete. Edge of damp proof course shall be straight, even and
vertical. Side shuttering shall consist of steel forms and shall be strong and properly
fixed so that it does not get disturbed during compaction and the mortar does not
leak through. The concrete mix shall be of workable consistency and shall be tamped
thoroughly to make a dense mass. When the sides are removed, the surface should
come out smooth without . Continuity shall be maintained while laying the cement
concrete layer and laying shall be terminated only at the predetermined location
where damp proof course is to be discontinued.

3.9 WATER PROOFING MATERIAL:

Where so specified, water proofing material of approved quality shall be added
to the concrete mixture in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification stating
the quantity of water proofing material in liters or kg per 50 kg or cement and will
be paid for separately.

3.10 WHITE AND COLOUR WASHING:

White washing of two coats with screened shell lime with required, gum,
Ganges water for all faces of the building and color washing.

17
 3.11 FINISHING:
All walls both inside and outside are finished with a plastering in CM 1:5, mix
with 20 mm thick.

18
CHAPTER-4

LIST OF SYMBOLS
A - Cross-sectional aera

Ac - Crocrete cross-sectional aera

A - Lever arm

B - Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column

bef - Effective width of slab bf

bw - Effective width of flange bw

bb -Breadth of web or rib

D - Ovrall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column; dimension of a rectanglar

column in the direction under consideration

Df - Thickness of flange

DL - Dead load

D - Effective depth d’ – Depth of comprssion rrinforcement from highly

compressed face

Ec - Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ece - Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete

Es - Modulus of elasticity of steel

E - Eccentricity

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F - Resisting force

Fck -Characteristic cube compressive strenth of concrete

F’c - Cylinder compressive strength

Fctm - Tensile strength of concrete

Fct - Split tensile strength of concrete

Fcr - Modulus of rupture of concrete (flexural strength of concrete)

Fd - Design strength

Fy - Characteristic tensile strength of concrete

G - Gravity load or dead load

H - Ovreall highth of retaining wall

Hs - Heigth of stem

I - Second moment of area or moment of inertia

Ief - Effective moment of inertia

Igr - Moment of inertia gross section excluding reinforcement

Ir - Moment of inertia of cracked section

J - Lever arm factor

K - Stiffness of member

K - Constant or coefficient or factor

Ld - Development length

20
LL - Live load

L - Length of a beam or column between adequate lateral restraints or the

unsupported length of a column

Lef - Effective span of beam or slab

Lx - Length of shorter side of slab

Ly - Length of longer side of slab

Lex - Effective span length aiong XX axis

Ley - Effective span length aiong YY axis

Ln - Clear span face to face of supports

L1 - Span in the direction in which moments are determined,c/c of supports

L2 - Span tranverse to L1,center to center of supprots

L0 - Distance between points to zero moments in a beam

M - Bending moment

Mr - Moment of resistance

M - Modular ratio

na - Actual neutral axis depth

nc - Critical neutral axis depth

P - Axial load on a cmpression member(wind indensity)

p - Safe bearing capacity of soil or indensity of pressure

pt - Percentage reinforcement in tension

21
pc - Percentage reinforcement in compression

q - shear stress

Q - design coefficient

R - Radius

Sv - Spacing of stirrups

T - Torsional moment

V - Shear force

W - distributed load per unit area

W - Total load or concentrated load

WL - Wind load

Xu - Neutral axis depth

Z - Modulus of section

G - Displacement

yf - Partial sacety factor for load

ym - Partial sacety factor for materal

u - Coefficient of friction on coefficient of orthotropy

σ cbc - Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression

σ cc - Permissible stress in concrete direct compression

σ sc - Permissible stress in steel in compression

22
σ st - Permissible stress in steel in tension

σ sv - Permissible stress in stress in shear reianforcement

τbd - Design bond stress

τc - Shear stress in concrete

τ c,max - Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear

reinforcement

τv - Nominal shear stress

φ - Diameter of bar

ψcs - Shrinkage curvature

Є - Support of span ratio

Єcc - Strain in concrete

Є cd - Drying shrinkage strain

Є ca - Autogenous shrinkage strain

Є cs - Total shrinkage strain

Є sc - Strain in steel

Ψ - Creep coefficient

Θ - Possion's ratio

23
α,β - Angles or ratio

λ - Multiplying factor

24
 CHAPTER-5
BASIC UNIT CONVERSION

km , mm ,feet , cm , feet, m , inches , miles , yards

5.1 - 1Km
 1Km-3280.8399 Ft(int)
 1km – 3280.8333 ft(us)
 1km – 39370.0789 inch
 1km – 0.62 miles
 1km – 0.54 naut. Miles
 1km – 1094 yards
 1km – 1000000 mm
 1km – 100000 cm
 1km – 1000 m
5.2 - 1 feet (int)
 1ft – 0.000305 km
 1ft – 0.999998 ft (us)
 1ft – 12 inch
 1ft – 0.000189 miles
 1ft – 0.000169 naut.miles
 1ft – 0.333334 yards
 1ft – 304.8 mm
 1ft – 30.48 cm
 1ft – 0.3048 m
 1ft – 1 ft(int)

25
 5.3 - 1 feet (US)
 1ft – 1.00002 ft(us)
 1ft – 1 ft(us)
 1ft – 0.000305 km
 1ft – 12.000024 inch
 1ft – 0.000189 miles
 1ft – 0.000165 naut.miles
 1ft – 0.333334 yards
 1ft – 304.801 mm
 1ft – 30.4801 cm
 1ft – 0.304801 m
5.4 - 1 inches
 1inch – 0.083333 ft (us)
 1inch – 0.083333 ft (int)
 1inch – 0.000016 miles
 1inch – 0.000014 naut.miles
 1inch - 0.0257778 yards
 1 inch – 25.4 mm
 1inch – 2.54 cm
 1inch – 0.0254 m
 1inch – 0.0000254 km
5.5 - 1miles
 1mile – 5279.98944 ft(us)
 1mile – 5280 ft(int)
 1mile – 63360 inch
 1mile – 0.868961 naut.mile
 1mile – 1760 yards
 1mile – 1609344 mm

26
 1mile – 1609344.3999 cm
 1mile – 1609.344 m
 1mile – 1.609344 km
5.6 - 1 naut.miles
 1n.m – 6076.115495 ft(int)
 1n.m – 6076.103333 ft (us)
 1n.m – 72913.3863 inch
 1n.m – 1.1508b miles
 1n.m –n 2025.311832 yards
 1n.m – 1852000 mm
 1n.m – 185200 cm
 1n.m – 1852 m
 1n.m – 1.852 km
5.7 - 1 yards
 1yards – 3 ft(int)
 1yards – 2.999994 ft(us)
1yards – 36 inch
 1yards – 0.0 00568 miles
 1yards – 0.000494 naut.miles
 1yards – 914.4 mm
 1yards – 91.4 cm
 1yards – 0.9144 m
 1yards – 0.0009144 km
5.8 - 1mm
 1mm – 0.0032808399 ft (int)
 1mm – 0.0032808333 ft(us)
 1mm – 0.03937 inch
 1mm – 0.00000062 miles

27
 1mm – 0.00000054 naut.miles
 1mm – 0.001094 yards
 1mm – 0.1 cm
 1mm – 0.001 m
 1mm – 0.000001 km

5.9 - 1cm
 1cm – 0.032808399 ftz
 1cm –0.032808333 ft(us)
 1cm –0.3937007 inch
 1cm –0.0000062 miles
 1cm –0.0000054 naut.miles
 1cm –0.01094 yards
 1cm –10 mm
 1cm –0.01 m
 1cm –0.00001 km
5.10 – 1m
 1m -3.2808399 ft(int)
 1m – 3.2808333 ft(us)
 1m -39.370079 inch
 1m – 0.00062 miles
 1m – 0.00054 naut.miles
 1m – 1.094 yards
 1m – 1000 mm
 1m – 100 cm
 1m – 0.001 km

28
 5.11 - 1 Kg
 1kg – 0.001 tonne
 1kg – 0.00098421 tonne(uk)
 1kg – 0.0011023 tonne(us)
 1kg – 15432.358 grains
 1kg – 35.273966 onnces
 1kg – 2.204673 pounds
 1kg – 0.157473stones
 1kg – 1000000 mg
 1kg – 1000 g

5.12 - 1 tonne
 1Tonne -35273.966 ounces
 1Tonne -2204.623 pounds
 1Tonne -157.473 stones
 1Tonne -1000000000 mg
 1Tonne -1000000 g
 1Tonne -1000 kg
 1Tonne -0.98421 tonne(uk)
 1Tonne -1.1023 tonne(us)
 1Tonne -15432358 grains

29
 5.13 - 1 tons(uk)
 1Tons – 1016.60469088 kg
 1Tons – 1.0166046 tonne
 1Tons – 1 tons(uk)
 1Tons – 1.12 tons(us)
 1Tons – 15680000 grains
 1Tons – 35840 ounces
 1Tons – 2240 pounds
 1Tons – 160 stones
 1Tons – 10166046908.799 mg
 1Tons – 10166046.9088 g

5.14 - weight
 KG POUNDS
 TONNE STONES
 TONS(UK) MG
 GRAINS G
 OUNCES TONS (US)

30
CHAPTER-6

STEEL STRUTURE DESIGN

The quay design uses galvanised steel sheet piling to retain the soil and surcharge of
10kN/m2 in accordance with the British waterways. Sheet piling methods have been
selected due to the ease of construction, cost and effectiveness. The quay has
sufficient room to allow 1 working narrow boat to operate. The total depth of the
sheet piles is 4.46m which includes a factor of safety of 2.0. The quay and foundation
system have been designed to function as a single unit. A portal frame warehouse
structure was selected for the steel stockholders due to cost, ease of construction and
opportunity for future expansion of the warehouse. To allow for the greatest
efficiency of floor space and in keeping with crane movements, 3 separate portal
frame structures have been designed. The internal layout of the warehouse was
essential to producing an efficient and safe working area. The warehouse
incorporates separate areas for loading and unloading of materials to avoid
unnecessary conflicts. Logistically, the unloading and loading areas of the
warehouse are at opposite ends so that the production process flows from one section
of the warehouse to the other without cross over. Steel coils are unloaded and loaded
onto the storage rack by an automated crane. A separate crane then moves the
required steel coil onto the multistrand processing line for it to be processed. Once
processed, the finished product is packaged and lifted by crane into the dispatch area
ready to be loaded onto either the barge or LGV. In addition to the internal layout,
the external layout is also of critical importance to the functionality of the steel
stockholders. A controlled one-way system is in operation around the site to
minimise the risk of collisions between vehicles and pedestrians by use of a
strategically placed traffic light system. Traffic flows in a clockwise motion around
the warehouse and crosses the path of the quay crane. Incorporated into the site is a
waiting area for the delivery and dispatch LGVs. This is to minimise traffic
disruption and increase the ease of loading and unloading.

31
CHAPTER-7

REAL MODEL VIEW

REAL MODEL VEIW 3D

32
REAL MODEL VIEW 2D

33
 CHAPTER-8

STAAD ANALYSIS
VARIOUS STAGES OF STAAD ANALYSIS

DISPLACE MENT

34
AXIAL FORCE

35
BENDING Z

36
SHEAR Y

SHEAR Z

37
TORSION

38
CHAPTER-9

ESTIMATION

39
SL.NO
DESCRIPTION PER RATE
1. Mason I class Each RS.550/day
2. Mason II class Each RS.500/day
3. Mazdoor I class Each RS.400/day
4. Mazdoor II class Each RS.350/day
5. Carpenter I class Each RS.535/day
6. Carpenter II class Each RS.495/day
7. Fitter I class Each RS.490/day
8. Fitter II class Each RS.460/day
9. Painter /varnish I class Each RS.447/day
10. Painter /varnish II class Each RS.419/day
11. Head mazdoor Each RS.411/day
12. Mixer operation ( including concrete 1m RS.389/day
mixture)
13. Grinding charges for mortar 1m RS.65/day
14. Centering RCC slab 1m2 RS.200/day
15. Mixing charges 1m3 RS.130/day

40
 LEAD STATEMENT FOR MATERIAL AT SITE
RATE OF HANDING
SI.NO DESCRIPTION RATE PER LEAD(Km) LEAD/Km CHARGE AMOUNT

1 CEMENT 8050 1TON 10 9 5RS for 1bag 8240

SAND FOR
MORTAR
2 226.4 1m3 20 16 60 606.4

3 SAND FOR FILLING 226.4 1m3 20 16 60 606.4

4 BRICK 1CLASS 6965 1000NOS 3 5 150 7130

BRICK STONE
20mm
5 1289 1m3 10 9 70 1449
BROKEN STONE
40mm
6 8950 1m3 10 9 70 9110

7 STEEL 4200 1Kg 10 13 39 4369

8 BRICK JELLY 20mm 741 1m3 5 7 60 836

9 FLAT TILES 869 1000 5 7 35.1 939.1

SUPPLIED AT SITE
10 SHELL LIME 1335 1m3 1335

11 CRUDE OIL 70 liter 70

12 CEMENT PAINT 104.15 1Kg 104.15

13 BINDING COIRE 490 1Kg 490

14 RED OXIDE PAINT 198.4 1 198.4

15 WOODEN PRIMER 209.85 liter 209.85

16 COLOUR PAINT 200 liter 200

41
CEMENT MORTAR 1:2-1𝑚2
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
720KG Cement 8240 Tonne 5932.80
1𝑚3 Sand 606.4 1𝑚3 606.4
1𝑚3 Mixing charges 130 1𝑚3 130
RATE FOR 1𝑚2= 666.92/m2

CEMENT MORTAR 1:3-1𝑚2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
480KG Cement 8240 Tonne 3955.4
1𝑚3 Sand 606.4 1𝑚3 606.4
1𝑚3 Mixing charges 130 1𝑚3 130
RATE FOR 1𝑚2=469.16/ m2

CEMENT MORTAR 1:4-1𝑚2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
360KG Cement 8240 Tonne 2966.4
1𝑚3 Sand 606.4 1𝑚3 606.4
1𝑚3 Mixing charges 130 1𝑚3 130
RATE FOR 1𝑚2=370.28/ m2

42
CEMENT MORTAR 1:5-1𝑚2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER

AMOUNT
288KG Cement 8240 Tonne 2373

1𝑚3 Sand 606.4 1𝑚3 606.4

1𝑚3 Mixing charges 130 1𝑚3 130

RATE FOR 1𝑚2=310.952/ m2

CEMENT MORTAR 1:6-1𝑚2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
240KG Cement 8240 Tonne 1977.6
1𝑚3 Sand 606.4 1𝑚3 606.4
1𝑚3 Mixing charges 130 1𝑚3 130
RATE FOR 1𝑚2=271.4/ m2

43
 LIME MORTAR 1:2-1𝑚2
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
0.126 Lime 1335 Tonne 168.21
1𝑚3 Sand 606.4 1𝑚3 606.4
1𝑚3 Mixing charges 130 1𝑚3 130
RATE FOR 1𝑚2=904.61/ m2

CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-1𝑚3

DESCRIPTION RATE PER
10 𝑚3 14490
10 m³ Broken stone 20mm 1449 1 𝑚3 14490

4.5 𝑚3 Cement mortar 1:2 6669.2 1𝑚3 30011.4

3.54 𝑚3 Mason I class 550 Each 1947

21 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 8400

35 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 12250

RATE FOR 1 𝑚3=6709.84/m3

44
CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-10 𝑚3FOR FOOTING
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
9.5 𝑚3 Broken stone 40mm 9110 1 𝑚3 86545
4.75 𝑚3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1𝑚3 17588.3
170 Kg Steel 4369 10 𝑚3 742730
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
17 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800
24 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 8400
RATE FOR 1 𝑚3=68305.33/ m3

QUANTITY DECRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

629.557 tonee MATERIAL COST 50 1KG 31477850

629.557 tonee LABOUR CHARGE FOR 1000 tonee 629557

LOADING & UNLOADING

629.557 tonee LABOUR CHARGE FOR 25000 tonee 15738925

LAYING

45
CHAPTER-10

DETAILED
ESTIMATE

46
SL.N DECRIPTION OF WORK NOS L(m) B(m) D(m) QTY UNIT REMARKS

01 EARTH WORK EXVATION 04 3.04 3.04 1.21 44.73 m³

IN FOUNDATION

02 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE 04 3.04 3.04 0.45 16.64 m³

IN FOUNDATION

03 RCC WORK in (1:1.5:3) 04 1.67 1.67 1.064 11.87 m³

47
 CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION

The following specific conclusions can be arrived based on the study conducted on
different bracing patterns of towers with Pipe and Angular sections. 1. From the
Comparison made between towers with different bracing systems at different basic
wind speeds vs. Maximum X-Displacements, it is concluded that for 24 m height
four legged tele communication tower with PIPE section, K-bracing pattern has less
lateral displacements when compared to other three considered bracing patterns (i.e.
V- bracing of lateral displacements in K- bracing tower is 18.405%, 7.88%, 21.75%
for V-, X- bracing and Ybracing) at all considered basic wind speeds. A reduction in
the percentage bracing, X-bracing and Y- bracing towers is observed.cccs

This project takes into account of reinforced as well as unreinforced foundations.

Similarly, foundations on rocks could also be designed by this program. For resisting
uplift, the program gives a choice between resistance with and without passive
pressure. Using some iteration, the optimum foundation details could be arrived at.
The procedures involved in the design of tower foundations are given. The features of
the project that have been developed based on these concepts are explained. The
project also gives the quantities of earthwork excavation, concrete, reinforcement, etc.
Thus, it reduces the tedious task of tower foundation design, which may involve only
a few seconds work on a personal computer. Steel lattice transmission tower gives
better results in its presentation particularly while indicating eccentric loading for high
rise towers. Steel lattice transmission towers with narrow based can carefully resist
the wind load which was acting on tower directly. The ties which present at bottom of
the tower perform as axial force generation and supporting as a localized role. The
members in the vertical plane are predominant in receiving loads on the tower is highly
acceptable than horizontal and inclined members. The weight of the tower and bolts
are around 30 to 35 tons with load-carrying capacity of the structure.

48
CHAPTER-12
REFERENCE

[1] Ghugal Y, Salunkhe M. Analysis and Design of Three and Four Legged 400KV Steel
Transmission Line Towers: Comparative Study. International Journal of Earth Sciences and
Engineering. 2011 October; 4(6), 691-694.

[2] Lakshmi V, Raja Gopala Rao A. Effect Of Medium Wind Intensity On 21M 132kV
Transmission Tower. 2012 August; 2(4), 820-824.

[3] Selvaraj M, Kulkarni S M, Ramesh Babu R. Behavioral Analysis of built up transmission

line tower from FRP pultruded sections. International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering. 2012 September; 2(9), 39-47

[4] Christian J S, Thirugnanam G S. Experimental study on corrosion of transmission line

tower foundation and its rehabilitation. International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering. 2010; 1(1), 27-34

[5] Albermani F, Mahindra M, Kitipornchai S. Upgrading of Transmission Towers Using a

Diaphragm Bracing System. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering.
2008; 2(2), 735-744

[6] Prasad Rao S, Samuel Knight G M, Mohan S J, Lakshmana N. Studies on failure of

transmission line towers in testing. Engineering Structures. 2011 October; 35, 55-70.

[7] Visweswara Rao G. Optimum Designs For Transmission Line Towers. Computer &
Structures. 1995; 57(1), 81-92.

[8] Gopi S P. Analysis and Design of Transmission Tower. International Journal Modern
Engineering Research. 2014 January; 4(1), 116-138

[9] Padma P R. Study on Behaviour of Bolted Cold-formed Steel Angle Tension Members.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2015 April; 8(7), 102–109.

49
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50
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52
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56
THANK TO ALL

57