UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KAMPUS KUALA PILAH

CHM420
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY REPORT

NAME : Muhammad Aiman Bin Ahmad Salleh

ID : 2022484412

TITLE : Stochiometry And Theoretical Yield

EXP. NO. : Experiment 4

GROUP : N3AS2221A1
Questions
1. For each of the two reactions :
a) Write a balanced chemical equation
CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

b) Determine the limiting reactant

20(0.5)
n CaCl2 = 1000
= 0.01 mole

No of mole Na2CO3

10(1.5)
n Na2CO3 = 1000
= 0.0015 mole

Identifying limiting reactant

1 mole Na2CO3(aq) = 1 mole CaCO3(s)

Therefore, in reaction 1 , CaCl2 is the limiting reactant

Reaction 2
No. of mole CaCl2
𝑀𝑣
n = 1000
n= number of mole of solute
M= Molarity of the solution
v = volume of the solution
 20(0.5)
n CaCl2 = 1000
= 0.01 mole

No of mole Na2CO3

5(1.5)
n Na2CO3 = 1000
= 0.0075 mole

Identifying limiting reactant

1 mole Na2CO3(aq) = 1 mole CaCO3(s)

Therefore, in reaction 2 , Na2CO3 is the limiting reactant

c) Determine the theoretical yield

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percentage yield = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
× 100%

Reaction 1=
Theoretical yield =
Mass CaCO3 = molar mass CaCO3 × mole CaCO3
molar mass CaCO3 = 40.08 + 12.01 + 3(16.00)
= 100.09 g/mol
Mass CaCO3 = 100.09 g/mol × 0.01 mol
= 1.0009 g

0.887
Percentage yield = 1.0009
× 100%
= 88.62 %

Reaction 2=
Theoretical yield =
Mass CaCO3 = molar mass CaCO3 × mole CaCO3
molar mass CaCO3 = 40.08 + 12.01 + 3(16.00)
= 100.09 g/mol
Mass CaCO3 = 100.09 g/mol × 0.0075 mol
= 0.7507 g

0.558
Percentage yield = 0.7507
× 100%
= 74.33 %

2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory ? justify your answer

Yes, the yield obtained was satisfactory because the percentage yield obtained for reaction 1 is
88.62% while for reaction 2 is 74.33%. It is because the percentage obtained for reaction 1
yields over 80% which is 88.62% while the percentage obtained for reaction 2 yields over 70%
which is 74.33% .

Discussion
During an experiment, a variety of factors may cause the creation of less product than expected.
It may be due to incomplete reactions, unwanted side reactions, in addition to spills and other
experimental failures. For a reaction to be successful, chemists require a measurement called
percentage yield. Based on the experiments, two reactions had been conducted using 20.00 𝑚𝑙 of
0.50M CaCl2 in both reaction 1 and 2 and using 10.00 𝑚𝑙 of 1.50M Na2CO3 for reaction 1 and
5.00 𝑚𝑙 of 1.50M Na2CO3 in reaction 2.The chemical equation for both reactions are

CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Reaction 1 and reaction 2 produce the same product which are white precipitate of CaCO3 and
soluble NaCl due to double displacement reaction between CaCl2 and Na2CO3 . However, both
reactions produce different percentage yields as different volumes of Na2CO3 are used in reaction
1 and reaction 2. As for that , the percentage yield of both reaction 1 and reaction 2 is calculated.

For reaction 1, the limiting reaction is determined as no mole of 20.00 ml of 0.50M CaCl2 is
calculated and the number of mole of CaCl2 is 0.01 mole. Next , no mole of 10.00 ml of 1.50M
Na2CO3 is calculated and the number of mole of Na2CO3 is 0.0015 mole.After that,the number
of mole of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 is compared to the product of CaCO3. It is determined that 0.01
mole CaCl2 is equivalent to 0.01 mole CaCO3 while 0.0015 mole Na2CO3 is equivalent to 0.0015
mole of CaCO3. Thus,it is determined that in reaction 1 , CaCl2 is the limiting reactant as it has a
lower number of mole than Na2CO3.
Next, to calculate the percentage yield of the product which is CaCO3, theoretical yield must be
calculated while actual yield can be obtained from the datasheet of the experiment. First, molar
mass of CaCO3 is calculated and a value of 100.09 g/mol is obtained. Next, mass CaCO3 is
calculated by the multiplying of mass of CaCO3 and molar mass of CaCO3. The value calculated
is 1.0009 g. Then, percentage yield can be calculated by dividing the value of actual yield which
is 0.887 g with theoretical yield which is 1.0009 g and being multiplied by 100% to obtain the
value of 88.62%.

For reaction 2, the limiting reaction is determined as no mole of 20.00 ml of 0.50M CaCl2 is
calculated and the number of mole of CaCl2 is 0.01 mole. Next , no mole of 5.00 ml of 1.50M
Na2CO3 is calculated and the number of mole of Na2CO3 is 0.015 mole.After that,the number of
mole of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 is compared to the product of CaCO3. It is determined that 0.01 mole
CaCl2 is equivalent to 0.01 mole CaCO3 while 0.0075 mole Na2CO3 is equivalent to 0.0075 mole
of CaCO3. Thus,it is determined that in reaction 1 , Na2CO32 is the limiting reactant as it has a
lower number of mole than CaCl2.

Next, to calculate the percentage yield of the product which is CaCO3, theoretical yield must be
calculated while actual yield can be obtained from the datasheet of the experiment. First, molar
mass of CaCO3 is calculated and a value of 100.09 g/mol is obtained. Next, mass CaCO3 is
calculated by the multiplying of mass of CaCO3 and molar mass of CaCO3. The value calculated
is 0.7507 g. Then, percentage yield can be calculated by dividing the value of actual yield which
is 0.558 g with theoretical yield which is 0.7507 g and being multiplied by 100% to obtain the
value of 74.33%.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, this experiment is successful as the purpose of the experiment is achieved as
limiting reactant, excess reactant and percentage yield for reaction 1 and 2 is obtained. For
reaction 1, the limiting reactant CaCl2 thus Na2CO3 acts as an excessive reactant. Based on the
calculation, the percentage yield for fraction 1 is 88.62% . While for reaction 2, the limiting
reactant is Na2CO3 thus CaCl2 acts as an excessive reactant. Limiting reactant obtained for
reaction 2 based on calculation is 74.33%.
References

Chemical equation balancer. ChemicalAid. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2022, from
https://en.intl.chemicalaid.com/tools/equationbalancer.php?equation=CaCl2%2B%2B%2B
Na2CO3%2B%3D%2BCaCO3%2B%2B%2BNaCl

Libretexts. (2020, August 11). 8.6: Limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and percent yield
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