Lab Report Experiment 4
Lab Report Experiment 4
LABORATORY REPORT
GROUP AS2391A
The purpose of this experiment is to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to
determine the percent yield.
Introduction
Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or mass ratios in which
chemical elements stand to one another. Given enough information, one can use stoichiometry
to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. A chemical equation is an
expression of a chemical process. The equation shows that the reactants react through some
process to form the products. Sometimes when reactions occur between two or more
substances, one reactant runs out before the other. The reactant that is completely consumed is
called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted reactants are called excess reactants. Often, it is
necessary to identify the limiting reactant in a problem
Amount of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to
stoichiometry are called theoretical yields whereas the experimental amounts are called actual
yields. The limiting reactants is the limiting factor for the theoretical yields of all products. The
actual yields are often expressed in percentage and are called percent yields. However, the
actual yield is always less because of incomplete reactions or loss. After the laboratory reaction
is complete, you will isolate and measure the amount of product, then compare the actual yield
to the theoretical yield to determine the percent yield:
Procedure.
1. Volume of 0.5M CaCl2 and 1.5M Na2CO3 dispensed from the burette on the
students side bench into a clean conical flask. It would be nice to get as close as
possible to the recommended volume.
1 20.00mL 10.00mL
2 20.00mL 5.00mL
2. Initially, students might not observe a precipitate. The flask been swirled and left
it aside for five minutes to allow precipitation to completely form.
3. The product been sucked into a filter by using a Buchner funnel or gravity
quarters and a funnel been made. The filter paper is placed inside your glass
funnel. The solution poured into the center of the filter paper taking care not to let
it get above the level of the filter paper.
4. The sides of the conical washed with a small amount of distilled water and the
remaining product added to the filter paper. There would still be some white solid
inside the flask, however the time and effort involved in recouping this was not
worth it.
5. The filter paper was removed carefully and it was placed on pre-weighed watch
glass. The product dried in the oven for half an hour.
6. The product been scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass. Students
tried and got as much as they can off without tearing or scraping off some of the
filter paper. The filter paper been discarded and the watchglass been returned
into the oven for a further ten minutes. The mass of the product been
determined. The mass of students’ product been reheated and redetermined at
least three times to complete dryness and/or until students got two weighings
that were within 0.02g of one another.
7. The amount of CaCO3 obtained been compared with that expected. The limiting
reactant, excess reactant been identified and the percent yield been calculated.
Results.
Reactions
1 2
Discussion
In reaction 1,
In reaction 2,
The skewed result may be caused by a number of factors.Initially, the precipitate that
was allowed to dry might have gathered dust and interacted with other elements in the
atmosphere, causing it to weigh more than it ought to have. Because the solid is wet,
incomplete drying will also result in the addition of weigh. Furthermore, the weight of the
product would be added if the limiting reactant was not entirely broken down, which
would also effect the yield percentage.
Precautionary measures can be taken to prevent this issue. To start, this error could be
avoided by using the method of heating to a constant temperature. Furthermore, a
closed space is required for the wet filter sheets. In order to guarantee complete
decomposition of all the solid particles, the solutions must also be thoroughly mixed.
Next, obtain an accurate measurement by using the appropriate equipment
Conclusion
According to Reaction 1, sodium carbonate, or Na2CO3, is the excess reactant while calcium
chloride, or CaCl2, is the limiting reactant. At 90.01%, Reaction 1 has a percentage yield.
Reaction 2 yields calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the excess reactant and sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) as the limiting reactant. 63.70% is Reaction 2's percentage yield.
Questions
= 0.9009 g
———— x 100%
1.009 g
= 90.01%
= 0.4782 g
———— x 100%
0.7507 g
= 63.70%
Yes because generally, less than 100% yields are obtained and there is always some
small loss. In reaction 1, the loss amount is 18.82% while in reaction 2, the loss amount
is 39.84%.