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Filter Circuits

1. A filter is a circuit that passes or amplifies certain frequencies while attenuating others, allowing important frequencies to be extracted from signals containing undesirable frequencies. 2. There are four main types of filters: low-pass filters which pass low frequencies, high-pass filters which pass high frequencies, band-pass filters which pass a band of frequencies, and band-stop/notch filters which remove a band of frequencies. 3. Filters can be characterized by their transfer function and frequency response plot, which indicate what frequencies are passed or attenuated. Active filters use components like transistors and op-amps while passive filters use resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

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43 views15 pages

Filter Circuits

1. A filter is a circuit that passes or amplifies certain frequencies while attenuating others, allowing important frequencies to be extracted from signals containing undesirable frequencies. 2. There are four main types of filters: low-pass filters which pass low frequencies, high-pass filters which pass high frequencies, band-pass filters which pass a band of frequencies, and band-stop/notch filters which remove a band of frequencies. 3. Filters can be characterized by their transfer function and frequency response plot, which indicate what frequencies are passed or attenuated. Active filters use components like transistors and op-amps while passive filters use resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Uploaded by

ANWAR SHADMAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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● FILTER

Filter : A filter is a circuit capable of passing (or amplifying) certain


frequencies while attenuating other frequencies. Thus, a filter can extract
important frequencies from signals that also contain undesirable or irrelevant
frequencies.

Filter Type :

1. Low Pass Filters (LPF)


2. High Pass Filters (HPF)
3. Band Pass Filters (BPF)
4. Band Stop Filters (BSF)/ Notch Filters

Transfer Function, T(ω) =

❖ Low Pass Filter : Low Pass Filters cut off all the high frequency parts of a
signal while lower frequencies can pass through the filter. Low pass filters
are closely related to smoothing procedures such as moving averages.
❖ High Pass Filter : High Pass Filters cut off all low frequency parts of a
signal while higher frequencies can pass through the filter. High pass filters
are related to the first derivative of a function.
❖ Band Pass Filter : Band Pass Filters are formed by a combination of low
pass and high pass filters so that only frequencies within a certain range
(band) can pass through the filter.
❖ Band Stop Filter/ Notch Filter : Notch Filters remove a certain band from
the frequency spectrum and are also formed by a combination of low and
high pass filters.

1
➢ Filter Characteristics :

2
3
➢ Frequency Response Plot of LP, HP, BP and BS Filters for both Ideal
And Practical Cases:

4
Filter Circuits

Active Filters Passive Filters

● Transistor - Resistor
● Op Amp - Capacitor
● Resistor - Inductor

ω = 0; XC = 1/ ωC = ∞ ; Vo = Vi ; T = Vo/Vi = 1

ω = ∞ ; XC = 0 ; Vo = 0 ; T = 0

ω = 0; XC = 1/ ωC = ∞ ; Vo = 0 ; T = 0

ω = ∞ ; XC = 0 ; Vo = Vi ; T = Vo/Vi = 1

5
➢ Deriving The Transfer Function :

○ For Low Pass Filter:

Here,

Vo =

Vo =

T(ω) =

○ For the Cutoff Frequency:

|T(ω)| =| | |
√

We know,

|T(ωc)| = =
√ √

√ √

Going back to the Transfer Function,

T(ω) = =

Therefore for Low-Pass Filter,

T(s) =

For the following circuit the max gain is 1 but it might not be the same for
other circuits.

6
So,

Ao = Maximum Gain

⸫ General Form of Transfer Function of LPF:

T=

The Frequency Response Plot,

o For High Pass Filter:

Here. Vo =

7
T=

For Cutoff Frequency: |T(ωc)| =


√

|
√

√ √
( )

1 ( ) =2

( ) =1

=1

Therefore Transfer Function:

T(ωc) =

⸫ T(s) =

General Form for Transfer Function of HPF:

T(s) =

8
Passive Filters : Loading Effect

Here,

T(s) = = ; A0 = 1

Now,

Vo =

9
⸫ T(s) =
( )

= [ ]

= [ ][ ]

Transfer Function with Load:

T(s) = =

Here,

Cut-Off Frequency with Load:

10
❖ Solution to The Load Effect:

➢ Isolate the Load


➢ Instead of connecting the Load directly with the output, connect it through a
Voltage Buffer
➢ Now, the Filter doesn’t observe RL; it observes the OP-AMP with infinite
input resistance and unity gain
➢ The Cutoff Frequency remains the same

11
T(s) = =

12
13
For two filters of LOW PASS & HIGH PASS connected in series, the cutoff
frequency of LPF must be greater than that of HPF.

Therefore,

14
15

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