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PV Module

The document discusses solar photovoltaic cells and modules. It covers key parameters of solar cells like short-circuit current (Isc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), maximum power point (Pm), fill factor (FF), and efficiency (η). The effects of connecting cells in series and parallel are explained. Finally, it describes how solar modules are made by interconnecting multiple cells and how solar arrays are created by connecting multiple modules.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
88 views25 pages

PV Module

The document discusses solar photovoltaic cells and modules. It covers key parameters of solar cells like short-circuit current (Isc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), maximum power point (Pm), fill factor (FF), and efficiency (η). The effects of connecting cells in series and parallel are explained. Finally, it describes how solar modules are made by interconnecting multiple cells and how solar arrays are created by connecting multiple modules.

Uploaded by

shreemanti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EN 301

Introduction to Renewable Energy


Technologies

Lecture‐17
Solar PV Cells and Modules‐1

Prof. C.S. Solanki


Department of Energy Science and Engineering
chetanss@ese.iitb.ac.in

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 1


In this lecture

 Parameters of solar cells
Series and parallel connection of solar cells
PV module design
Different types of modules and their ratings

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 2


Short-Circuit Current, Isc
I • The short-circuit current is the
Isc current through the solar cell
X Pm when the voltage across the
Im
solar cell is zero (i.e., when the
solar cell is short circuited).

Vm Voc • The short-circuit current is


due to the generation and
I total  I 0 (e qV / kT  1)  I L
collection of light-generated
charge carriers.
At V=0  Itotal = -IL= Isc • Short-circuit current is the
largest current which may be
Isc = q A (W +Lp + Ln) drawn from the solar cell.
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 3
Open Circuit Voltage: Voc
I • The open-circuit voltage, Voc, is
Isc the maximum voltage available
Pm from a solar cell, and this
Im
occurs at zero current.

• The open-circuit voltage


X corresponds to the amount of
Vm forward bias on the solar cell
Voc junction due to illumination.

I total  I 0 (e qV / kT  1)  I L kT I L
Voc  ln(  1)
by setting Itotal = 0 q I0
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 4
Maximum power: Pm
I • Power out of a solar cell
Isc Pm increases with voltage,
Im X reaches a maximum (Pm)
and then decreases
again.

Vm Voc
Pm = Im x Vm

Remember we get DC power from a solar cell

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 5
Fill Factor: FF
I Ideal diode curve
Isc • The FF is defined as the
Pm ratio of the maximum power
Im
from the actual solar cell to
the maximum power from a
ideal solar cell
Vm Voc

Graphically, the FF is a measure of the "squareness" of the solar cell

Max power from real cell Vm I m


FF  
Max power from ideal cell Voc I sc
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 6
Efficiency: η
• Efficiency is defined as the ratio
I of energy output from the solar
Isc Pm cell to input energy from the sun.
Im X
Max. Cell Power V I
  m m
Incident light Intensity Pin

Vm Voc Voc I sc FF

Pin

• The efficiency is the most commonly used parameter to


compare the performance of one solar cell to another.
• Efficiency of a cell also depends on the solar spectrum,
intensity of sunlight and the temperature of the solar cell.
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 7
Typical industrial Si cell parameters

Voc = 0.55  to 0.62V

Isc =  33 to 37 mA/cm2
Calculate the efficiency 
Vm = 0.8 to 0.9 of Voc of a typical solar cell 
with the these 
parameters
Im = 09 to 0.95 of Isc

FF = 70 to 78%

Efficiency ??
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 8
Solar PV Module

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 9


Identifying Solar PV Module
Closer look of arrangement of cells in PV modules

Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
PV module PV module
Solar PV module
A solar PV module is a device in which
several solar cells are connected together
to generate more power than a single
solar cell.

Different types
of PV modules
PV module
An array of several solar cells connected in series and
parallel for getting larger power output
Inter connection of solar cells:
• Thin film technology: While process of manufacturing of solar
cell
• Wafer based technology: Solar cells are manufactured first
and then interconnected
Solar PV array
Module Array
Cell
Solar PV array:
• Interconnected
solar PV modules.

• Provide power of
100 W to several
MW.
I

PV _ _
V + +
module

Interconnection of solar cells into solar PV modules and modules into solar PV
arrays. Schematic representation of PV module is also shown.
Series and parallel connection of cells
Series connection
•Let us consider a solar cell having Voc of 0.6 V and Isc of 0.8 A.
When two identical cells are connected in series, the Voc of the two
cells will be added.
The Isc will be the same as that of a single cell

0. 0.8
8
Current (A)

0. 0.6

Current (A)
6
0. 0.4
4
0. 0.2
2

0 0. 0. 0. 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2


2 Voltage (V)
4 6 Voltage (V)
(a) (b)
I-V characteristics of identical solar cells (a) single cell, (b) two cells in
series
Series and parallel connection of cells
Parallel connection
• Isc the two cells will be added .
• Voc of the combination will remain same as that of single cell.
Series and Parallel Combination
• When more than one series connected cells are connected in
parallel,
more current and voltage will obtain
1. 1.6

Current (A)
6
Current (A)

1. 1.2
2
0. 0.8
8
0. 0.4
4

0 0. 0. 0. 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2


2 Voltage (V)
4 6 Voltage (V)

I-V characteristics of identical solar cells (a) two cell connected in


parallel
(b) series and parallel combination of cells.
Design of Solar PV Modules
 PV module Power rating varies from 0.1 Wp to 400 Wp

 One can design PV modules for different current and voltage


and power ratings

Power output depends on:


Number of cells in series
Number of cells in parallel
Mismatch losses in connected cells
Temperature of cells

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 16


Data sheet of PV modules

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 17


Effect of temperature on Module parameters
Overall impact of increased temperature than STC is decrease in power output

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 18


Hot-Spot Heating
Hot-spot heating occurs when there is one low current solar cell in a
string of at least several high short-circuit current solar cells
9 Unshaded cell 1 shaded cell

One shaded cell in a string reduces the current through the good cells,
causing the good cells to produce higher voltages that can often reverse
bias the bad cell
 Power gets dissipated in the “poor” cell
Local overheating, or "hot-spots", leads to
destructive effects
 Cell or glass cracking, melting of solder or
degradation of the solar cell.
Bypass diode
Bypass diode is a diode which is used to avoid the destructive effect of
hot spots
or local heating in series connected cells. cell 1
 Bypass diode, is connected in
parallel with solar cells with +
V
opposite polarity -

 In normal condition the


bypass diode operates in
-
reverse bias condition. V
+
 If a series connected cell is
shaded, reverse bias will
appear across it non matched or
shaded cell cell 2 Bypass diode
 This reverse bias will act as a
forward bias for the bypass
Placing of bypass
diode
 Extra current will be bypassed diode in parallel with
cells
Design and Structure of PV modules
Series Connection • Usually cell in
3.9 A
Isc module exhibits
identical

Curre
characteristics
36 • Shape of the I-V
nt cells curve of the module is
in same as that of cells
Voltage Vo
series with change in scale of
21
c axis
Parallel
Volts
Connection7.8 A
Isc
Current

• I-V relationship for N


cell in series and M
Voltag Voc
cell in parallel
e 63 Volts
I-V relationship of modules
q (V  IR s )
I  I L  [ I oe nkT
 1]
Similar to solar cell,
 I  I  Io 
V   IRs  K ln L  I-V relationship for
 Io  series connected
I I I  and parallel
Vmo   I mo Rsmo  K mo ln Lmo mo omo 
 I omo  connected modules
 I L  I mo  I o  can be written
Vmo   I mo N s Rs  N s K ln 
 I o 
Rs  N sh I L  I mo  N p I o 
Vmo   I mo  K ln 
Np  N p Io 
 
N s Rs  N sh I L  I a  N p I o 
Va   I a  N s K ln 
Np  N p Io 
 
Fabrication of PV modules
The cells should also be protected from dust, rain, mechanical shock etc.
So the PV modules should package by using :
1. Glass at the front side
• Low iron content, toughened and
glass
textured Glass Encapsulant
• Higher transmitivity (over 90%) (EVA)
solar cells
2. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) for encapsulant
encapsulation
Tedlar
• High electrical resistivity (1014 Ω-cm)
• Very low water absorption ratio
• Good optical transmission
3. Solar cells ( array)

4. Rear layer (Tedlar – white colour) Components of Si


• back reflection of light wafer based PV
5. Outer frame (Al) module.
Module Structure

Rays

Glass cover

EVA
Solar cell
Contacts

Rear sheet (typically Tedlar)


Thank you 

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 25

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