PV Module
PV Module
Lecture‐17
Solar PV Cells and Modules‐1
Parameters of solar cells
Series and parallel connection of solar cells
PV module design
Different types of modules and their ratings
I total I 0 (e qV / kT 1) I L kT I L
Voc ln( 1)
by setting Itotal = 0 q I0
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 4
Maximum power: Pm
I • Power out of a solar cell
Isc Pm increases with voltage,
Im X reaches a maximum (Pm)
and then decreases
again.
Vm Voc
Pm = Im x Vm
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies & Applications 5
Fill Factor: FF
I Ideal diode curve
Isc • The FF is defined as the
Pm ratio of the maximum power
Im
from the actual solar cell to
the maximum power from a
ideal solar cell
Vm Voc
Vm Voc Voc I sc FF
Pin
Voc = 0.55 to 0.62V
Isc = 33 to 37 mA/cm2
Calculate the efficiency
Vm = 0.8 to 0.9 of Voc of a typical solar cell
with the these
parameters
Im = 09 to 0.95 of Isc
FF = 70 to 78%
Efficiency ??
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 8
Solar PV Module
Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
PV module PV module
Solar PV module
A solar PV module is a device in which
several solar cells are connected together
to generate more power than a single
solar cell.
Different types
of PV modules
PV module
An array of several solar cells connected in series and
parallel for getting larger power output
Inter connection of solar cells:
• Thin film technology: While process of manufacturing of solar
cell
• Wafer based technology: Solar cells are manufactured first
and then interconnected
Solar PV array
Module Array
Cell
Solar PV array:
• Interconnected
solar PV modules.
• Provide power of
100 W to several
MW.
I
PV _ _
V + +
module
Interconnection of solar cells into solar PV modules and modules into solar PV
arrays. Schematic representation of PV module is also shown.
Series and parallel connection of cells
Series connection
•Let us consider a solar cell having Voc of 0.6 V and Isc of 0.8 A.
When two identical cells are connected in series, the Voc of the two
cells will be added.
The Isc will be the same as that of a single cell
0. 0.8
8
Current (A)
0. 0.6
Current (A)
6
0. 0.4
4
0. 0.2
2
Current (A)
6
Current (A)
1. 1.2
2
0. 0.8
8
0. 0.4
4
One shaded cell in a string reduces the current through the good cells,
causing the good cells to produce higher voltages that can often reverse
bias the bad cell
Power gets dissipated in the “poor” cell
Local overheating, or "hot-spots", leads to
destructive effects
Cell or glass cracking, melting of solder or
degradation of the solar cell.
Bypass diode
Bypass diode is a diode which is used to avoid the destructive effect of
hot spots
or local heating in series connected cells. cell 1
Bypass diode, is connected in
parallel with solar cells with +
V
opposite polarity -
Curre
characteristics
36 • Shape of the I-V
nt cells curve of the module is
in same as that of cells
Voltage Vo
series with change in scale of
21
c axis
Parallel
Volts
Connection7.8 A
Isc
Current
Rays
Glass cover
EVA
Solar cell
Contacts