Example Exercise 10.

1 Interpreting Chemical Equation Calculations

Given the chemical equation for the combustion of methane, CH4, balance the equation and interpret the
coefficients in terms of (a) moles and (b) liters:

Solution
The balanced chemical equation is

(a) The coefficients in the equation (1:2:1:2) indicate the ratio of moles as well as molecules.

(b) The coefficients in the equation (1:2:1:2) indicate the ratio of volumes of gases. If we express the
volume in liters, we have
Practice Exercise
Given the chemical equation for the combustion of propane, C3H8, balance the equation and interpret the
coefficients in terms of (a) moles and (b) milliliters:

Answers:

Concept Exercise
Which of the following is in the same ratio as the coefficients in a balanced equation: moles of gas, mass of
gas, volume of gas?
Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.2 Mole–Mole Relationships
Carbon monoxide is produced in a blast furnace by passing oxygen gas over hot coal. How many moles of
oxygen react with 2.50 mol of carbon according to the balanced equation?

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

Using the balanced equation, we see that 2 mol

C = 1 mol O2.Thus, the mole ratio and the two
unit factors are

Unit Analysis Map

Solution
We select the unit factor that cancels the unit in the given value . Thus,

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.2 Mole–Mole Relationships
Continued
Practice Exercise
Iron is produced from iron ore in a blast furnace by passing carbon monoxide gas through molten iron(III)
oxide. The balanced equation is

(a) How many moles of carbon monoxide react with 2.50 mol of Fe2O3?
(b) How many moles of iron are produced from 2.50 mol of Fe2O3?

Answers: (a) 7.50 mol CO; (b) 5.00 mol Fe

Concept Exercise
How many unit factors are required to solve a mole–mole stoichiometry problem?
Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.3 Classifying Stoichiometry Problems
Classify the type of stoichiometry problem for each of the following:
(a) How many grams of Zn metal react with hydrochloric acid to give 0.500 g of zinc chloride?
(b) How many liters of H2 gas react with chlorine gas to yield 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen chloride gas?
(c) How many kilograms of Fe react with sulfuric acid to produce 50.0 mL of hydrogen gas?

Solution
After analyzing a problem for the unknown quantity and the relevant given value, we classify
the type of problem.
(a) The problem asks for grams of Zn (mass) that react to give 0.500 g of ZnCl2 (mass). This is
a mass–mass type of problem.
(b) The problem asks for liters of H2 gas (volume) that react to yield 50.0 cm3 of HCl gas
(volume). This is a volume–volume type of problem.
(c) The problem asks for kilograms of Fe (mass) that react to produce 50.0 mL of H2 gas
(volume). This is a mass–volume type of problem.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.3 Classifying Stoichiometry Problems
Continued

Practice Exercise
Classify the type of stoichiometry problem for each of the following:
(a) How many grams of HgO decompose to give 0.500 L of oxygen gas at STP?
(b) How many grams of AgCl are produced from the reaction of 0.500 g of solid sodium chloride with
silver nitrate solution?
(c) How many milliliters of H2 gas react with nitrogen gas to yield 1.00 L of ammonia gas?

Answers: (a) mass–volume; (b) mass–mass; (c) volume–volume

Concept Exercise
What are the three types of stoichiometry problems?
Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.4 Mass–Mass Stoichiometry
Calculate the mass of mercury produced from the decomposition of 1.25 g of orange mercury(II) oxide
(MM = 216.59 g/mol):

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?
Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?
Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?
We are given that 1 mol HgO = 216.59 g HgO; the mole ratio
from the balanced equation is 2 mol HgO = 2 mol Hg. From the
periodic table, we find that 1 mol Hg = 200.59 g Hg. Thus, the
unit factors are

Unit Analysis Map

Solution
We select from each of the three pairs of ratios a unit factor that cancels the previous units. Thus,

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.4 Mass–Mass Stoichiometry
Continued

Practice Exercise
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide released from 10.0 g of cobalt(III) carbonate given the unbalanced
equation for the reaction:

Answer: 4.43 g CO2

Concept Exercise
What are the three steps in the unit analysis method of problem solving?
Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.5 Mass–Mass Stoichiometry
Calculate the mass of potassium iodide (166.00 g/mol) required to yield 1.78 g of mercury(II) iodide precipitate
(454.39 g/mol):

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

From the given molar mass, we see that HgI2 = 454.39 g

HgI2. The mole ratio from the balanced equation is
KI = 1 mol HgI2, and from the given molar mass, 1 mol
KI = 166.00 g KI. Thus, the three pairs of unit factors
are

Unit Analysis Map

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.5 Mass–Mass Stoichiometry
Continued
Solution
We select from each of the three pairs of ratios a unit factor that cancels the previous units. Thus,

Practice Exercise
Calculate the mass of iron filings required to produce 0.455 g of silver metal given the unbalanced equation
for the reaction:

Answer: 0.0785 g Fe

Concept Exercise
In general, how many unit factors are required to solve a mass–mass stoichiometry problem?

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.6 Mass–Volume Stoichiometry
In an automobile collision, sodium azide, NaN3, decomposes and fills an air bag with nitrogen gas. If an air bag
contains 100.0 g of NaN3 (65.02 g/mol), what is the volume of nitrogen gas produced at STP? The equation for the
reaction is

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

Given the molar mass, NaN3 = 65.02 g NaN3. The mole
ratio from the balanced equation is 2 mol NaN3 = 3 mol N2,
and the molar volume of a gas is mol N2 = 22.4 L N2.
Thus, the unit factors are

Unit Analysis Map

Solution
We select from each of the three pairs of ratios a unit factor that cancels the previous units. Thus,

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.6 Mass–Volume Stoichiometry
Continued

Practice Exercise
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP from 1.55 g of sodium metal in water given the
unbalanced equation for the reaction:

Answer: 0.755 L H2

Concept Exercise
What are the three steps in the unit analysis method of problem solving?

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.7 Mass–Volume Stoichiometry
Baking soda can be used as a fire extinguisher. When heated, it decomposes to carbon dioxide gas, which can
smother a fire. If a sample of NaHCO3 (84.01 g/mol) produces 0.500 L of carbon dioxide gas at STP, what is the
mass of the sample?

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

From molar volume, we know that 1 mol CO2 = 22.4 L CO2.
The mole ratio from the balanced equation is
2 mol NaHCO3 = 1 mol CO2, and from the given molar
mass, 1 mol NaHCO3 = 84.01 g NaHCO3.
Thus, the unit factors are
Unit Analysis Map

Solution
We select from each of the three pairs of ratios a unit factor that cancels the previous units. Thus,

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.7 Mass–Volume Stoichiometry
Continued

Practice Exercise
Calculate the mass of aluminum metal required to release 2160 mL of hydrogen gas at STP from sulfuric
acid given the unbalanced equation for the reaction:

Answer: 1.73 g Al

Concept Exercise
In general, how many unit factors are required to solve a mass–volume stoichiometry problem?

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.8 Volume–Volume Stoichiometry
In the Haber process, nitrogen and hydrogen gases combine to give ammonia gas. If 5.55 L of nitrogen gas is
available, calculate the volume of ammonia that is produced. Assume that all volumes of gas are measured under
constant conditions of 500 °C and 300 atm pressure:

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

Using the balanced equation, we see that mol
N2 = 2 mol NH3. Since the volumes of gas have
the same ratio as the mole ratio, the unit factors are

Unit Analysis Map

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.8 Volume–Volume Stoichiometry
Continued

Solution
We select the unit factor that cancels the unit in the given value (L N2). Thus,

Practice Exercise
Calculate the volumes of (a) hydrogen chloride gas and (b) oxygen gas that react to yield 50.00 mL of
chlorine gas given the following unbalanced equation. Assume that all gases are at the same temperature and
pressure:

Answers: (a) 100.0 mL HCl; (b) 25.00 mL O2

Concept Exercise
In general, how many unit factors are required to solve a volume–volume stoichiometry problem?
Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.9 Limiting Reactant Concept
A 1.00 mol sample of iron(II) oxide is heated with 1.00 mol of aluminum metal and converted to molten iron.
Identify the limiting reactant, and calculate the moles of iron produced:

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

From the balanced equation, we have the mole ratio
3 mol FeO/3 mol Fe, and 2 mol Al/3 mol Fe.

Unit Analysis Map

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.9 Limiting Reactant Concept
Continued
Solution
We select the unit factor that cancels the unit in the given value . Thus,

Second, we select the unit factor that cancels the unit in the given value . Thus,

Notice that FeO produces 1.00 mol Fe, whereas Al produces 1.50 mol Fe. Thus, FeO is the limiting reactant
and the amount of product is 1.00 mol Fe.
Practice Exercise
A 5.00 mol sample of iron(III) oxide is heated with 5.00 mol aluminum metal and converted to molten iron.
Identify the limiting reactant, and calculate the moles of iron produced given the unbalanced equation for
the reaction:

Answer: The limiting reactant is Al, which produces 5.00 mol of Fe.
Concept Exercise
A Tour de France cyclist has 10 tires and 3 frames. How many complete bicycles can be assembled?

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.10 Mass–Mass Limiting Reactant
In a reaction, 50.0 g of manganese(IV) oxide reacts with 25.0 g of aluminum. Identify the limiting reactant and
calculate the mass of manganese metal produced. The equation for the reaction is

Solution
Step 1: We calculate the mass of Mn produced from 50.0 g of MnO2. We can outline the solution as follows:

From the periodic table, we find the molar mass of MnO2 is 86.94 g/mol and Mn is 54.94 g/mol. The unit
analysis solution to the problem is

Step 2: We calculate the mass of Mn produced from 25.0 g of Al. We can outline the solution as follows:

From the periodic table, we find that the molar mass of Al is 26.98 g/mol. Starting with 25.0 g of Al, the unit
analysis solution is

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.10 Mass–Mass Limiting Reactant
Continued
Solution
Step 3: We compare the mass of product obtained from each of the reactants:

In this example, MnO2 is the limiting reactant because it yields less product. Al is the excess reactant and is
not completely consumed in the reaction. Thus, the maximum amount of product from the reaction is 31.6 g
of Mn.
Practice Exercise
In a reaction, 75.0 g of manganese(IV) oxide react with 30.0 g of aluminum. Identify the limiting reactant
and calculate the mass of aluminum oxide produced:

Answer: The limiting reactant is Al, which gives 56.7 g of Al2O3.

Concept Exercise
Indicate the limiting reactant shown in the following illustration

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.11 Volume–Volume Limiting Reactant
In oxyacetylene welding, acetylene reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water. If 25.0 mL of C2H2 reacts
with 75.0 mL of O2, what is the limiting reactant? Assuming constant conditions, what is the volume of CO2
produced?

Strategy Plan
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer?

Step 2: What given value is related to the answer?

Step 3: What unit factor(s) should we apply?

From the balanced equation, we have the mole ratio
so the volume ratio is 2 mL C2H2/4 mL CO2,
and 5 mL O2/4 mL CO2.

Unit Analysis Map

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.11 Volume–Volume Limiting Reactant
Continued

Solution
First, we find the amount of product that can be produced from the first reactant (mL C2H2). Thus,

Second, we find the amount of product that can be produced from the second reactant (mL O2):

Third, we compare the amount of product from each reactant and see that C2H2 produces 50.0 mL CO2,
whereas O2 produces 60.0 mL CO2. Thus, C2H2 is the limiting reactant and the amount of product is limited
to 50.0 mL CO2.

Practice Exercise
Ethane undergoes combustion to give carbon dioxide and water. If 10.0 L of C2H6 reacts with 25.0 L of O2,
what is the limiting reactant? Assuming constant conditions, what is the volume of CO2 produced? The
equation is

Answer: The limiting reactant is O2, which gives 14.3 L of CO2.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.11 Volume–Volume Limiting Reactant
Continued

Concept Exercise
Indicate the limiting reactant shown in the following illustration:

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.12 Percent Yield
A student dissolves 1.50 g of copper(II) nitrate in water. After adding aqueous sodium carbonate solution, the
student obtains 0.875 g of CuCO3 precipitate. If the theoretical yield is 0.988 g, what is the percent yield?

Solution
The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield compared to the theoretical yield. In this experiment, the
actual yield is 0.875 g and the theoretical yield is 0.988 g. The percent yield, therefore, is

The percent yield obtained by the student is 88.6%.

Practice Exercise
Ammonium nitrate is used in explosives and is produced by the reaction of ammonia, NH3, and nitric acid.
The equation for the reaction is

If 15.0 kg of ammonia gives an actual yield of 65.3 kg of ammonium nitrate, what is the percent yield? The
calculated yield of ammonium nitrate for the experiment is 70.5 kg.

Answer: 92.6%

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin
 Example Exercise 10.12 Percent Yield
Continued

Concept Exercise
Is it possible to have a percent yield greater than 100%?

Answer: See Appendix G.

Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, 6th Edition © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Charles H. Corwin