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The document summarizes the structure of atoms and trends in properties across different groups of elements on the periodic table. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons clustered in the nucleus and electrons orbiting around it. It then discusses trends in groups 1, 7, and 8 - noting that group 1 elements become more reactive with water moving down the group, group 7 elements become less reactive, and group 8 elements are all gases that do not form compounds. Examples are given of the atomic structure of lithium, sodium, potassium, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, and argon.

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37 views2 pages

PDF Document

The document summarizes the structure of atoms and trends in properties across different groups of elements on the periodic table. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons clustered in the nucleus and electrons orbiting around it. It then discusses trends in groups 1, 7, and 8 - noting that group 1 elements become more reactive with water moving down the group, group 7 elements become less reactive, and group 8 elements are all gases that do not form compounds. Examples are given of the atomic structure of lithium, sodium, potassium, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, and argon.

Uploaded by

SirupyEwe Gamer
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Grade 8 Chemistry- Material properties pg60 – 67

The structure of the atom:

 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons.


 The protons and neutrons are grouped closely together in the centre of the atom to form
the nucleus.
 Protons and neutrons have more mass than electrons (electrons have almost no mass at all)
 Protons have a positive electrical charge
 Neutrons have no electrical charge
 Electrons have a negative electrical charge
 Scientists from around the world have helped us to understand the structure of the atom.

More about the structure of the atom:

 The atoms of the elements increase in mass as you progress from left to right.
 The atomic number tells you how many protons are in the atom.(atomic number top left
corner of the block)
 The mass number tells you how many protons and neutrons there are in the atom(bottom
left corner)
 Electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus. A shell must be filled before starting the
next shell.
 The first shell only has room for 2 electrons , the second or third shells have room for up to 8
electrons.
 The arrangement of electrons in an atom are often written in numbers.

Trends in group 1:

 The first group also known as the alkali mentals (Lithium , sodium and potassium ) share
some properties.
 The trend in group 1 is that the melting points and boiling points decrease , as you go down
the group(column)
 The elements in group 1 react more vigorously with water as you go down the
group(column)

Lithium has an atomic number of 3 and a mass number of 7. This atom contains 3 protons, 3
electrons and 4 neutrons. The electrons are arranged as 2,1.

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and a mass number of 23. This atom contains 11 protons ,
11 electrons and 12 neutrons . The electrons are arranged as 2,8,1

Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom contains 19 protons,
19 electrons and 20 neutrons . the electrons are arranged as 2,8,8,1.

Trends in some other groups:

 The 7th group also known as the halogens (fluorine , chlorine and bromine) share some
properties.
 The elements in group 7 react less vigorously as you go down the group.

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. This atom contains 9 protons , 9
electrons and 10 neutrons. The electons are arranged as 2,7.
Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35. This atom contains 17 protons , 17
electrons and 18 neutrons. The electrons and arranged as 2,8,7 .

 The 8th group also known as the noble gases (helium , neon and argon)share some
properties.
 They are all gases. They are unreactive and do not form compounds. They also have all their
electron shells full.

Helium has an atomic number of 2 and a mass number of 4. This atomcontains 2 protons, 2
electrons and 2 neutrons. The electrons are arranged as 2 .

Neon has an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 20. This atom contains 10 protons , 10
electrons and 10 neutrons. The electrons are arranged as 2,8,.

Argon has an atomic number of 18 and a mass number of 40. This atom contains 18 protons , 18
electrons and 22 neutrons . The electrons are arranged as 2,8,8.

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