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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Education is the most important phase of a child’s growth; it is where we

learn to read, write, speak, think critically, make informed decisions, know right

from wrong, effectively communicate, or understand how the world works.

Learning is constantly evolving; while the method of teaching has undergone

numerous innovations, the method of attendance remains unchanged.

As the world's population continues to grow, so does the number of students

worldwide. With the increasing student population, the harder it is for schools to

manage attendance using the traditional method. Attendance management has

been a significant issue in schools for decades, with manual attendance-taking

methods leading to inefficiencies and inaccuracies (Kanzler, 2020).

As senior high school students in grade 12, the researchers observed that

school attendance management can be a significant challenge, especially with a

large student population. The researchers noticed that the traditional method of

attendance management, which entails manually taking attendance sheets, is

time-consuming and prone to errors, resulting in inaccurate records.

Moreover, the researchers have also taken into account that schools are

still using paper-based attendance sheets, which can be environmentally

unfriendly and contribute to unnecessary waste. According to the study of (Kishor,

N. 2017), paper-based attendance management systems in schools have a

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negative impact on the environment by way of producing paper waste that are not

being actively recycled or repurposed.

As our country progresses more technologically, the adaptation to more

high-technology services are increasing really quickly. The Arduino time

attendance system will be produced using the main components: Arduino Uno,

MFRC522 RFID reader, NodeMCU Esp8266. Radio-Frequency Identification

(RFID) is one of the most efficient inventions ever made. One of the most useful

applications of RFID is as a method to pay tollway fees. With its simple, cheap,

and environmentally friendly properties, the same mechanism could be applied to

record the time-in and time-out of students at Alangilan Senior High School. RFID

system provides an efficient and simple method for identification. RFID tags act as

small transponders that respond to quires from a reader wirelessly and transmitting

a serial number or similar identifier. RFID Readers, also known as Proximity

Coupling Devices (PCD), read data at a specific frequency through the tag antenna

(Rikabi, 2018).

In relation to the previous statements, Alangilan Senior High School

currently employs the traditional method of attendance for the students. Through

the years, the school’s population has been constantly growing, and in some

instances, recording a missing student could also happen.

In view of this, the researchers intend to create an Arduino-based time

attendance system for Alangilan Senior High School using RFID technology. The

system will track students' attendance accurately and efficiently, providing factual

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data for attendance management. Moreover, the use of RFID technology and an

Arduino board will promote sustainability by reducing the use of paper-based

attendance sheets and minimizing the school's environmental impact.

Specifically, the researchers aim to produce a cheap, efficient, and

environmentally friendly time attendance system using an Arduino board and an

RFID reader module to save timestamps of the time-in and time-out of students for

the convenience of both learners and institute personnels at Alangilan Senior High

School.

Conceptual Framework

Managing student attendance in a large institution is difficult due to the large

number of students. Other factors, such as missing students, also put pressure on

the school. So, the researchers came up with a time attendance system using

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). RFID is a wireless communication

technology that allows computers to read the identity of inexpensive electronic tags

from a distance without the need for the tags to contain a battery. In the Philippines,

RFID is commonly used at expressways to pay tollway fees. Its fast identification

attribute will be greatly beneficial in school for the identification of students. The

time attendance system will record the time-in and time-out of students.

Over the past few decades, Information Technology (IT) has revolutionized

the way academic sectors operate by introducing a plethora of new systems and

tools (Rjeib, 2018). These technological advancements have played a significant

role in developing several aspects of the academic sector, including student

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monitoring and management systems. With the help of these tools, educators and

administrators can easily keep track of student attendance, academic

performance, and other relevant data, which can help identify areas of

improvement and streamline communication between teachers and parents.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a revolutionary wireless technology

that has transformed the way we identify and track objects. The technology uses

data transfer between an electronic tag, also known as an RFID tag or label, and

an RFID reader to identify and track objects through radio waves (Aravindhan,

2021). This method allows for a wide range of applications, including inventory

management, supply chain management, and asset tracking.

According to the study of (Salim, 2018), RFID technology has become an

increasingly popular method for identifying and tracking objects, thanks to its

effectiveness and speed. One of the most common applications of RFID

technology is in automatic attendance registration systems. This technology allows

for the automatic identification and tracking of individuals as they enter and exit a

particular location, such as a classroom or workplace. This can significantly reduce

the time and effort required for attendance tracking, while also providing greater

accuracy and reliability than manual methods.

One of the key advantages of RFID technology is its ability to read tags in

challenging environmental conditions where other identification technologies may

be ineffective. RFID tags are essentially small transponders that are designed to

respond to queries from a reader wirelessly, transmitting a unique serial number

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or identifier (Mishra, 2015). This makes them highly versatile and suitable for a

wide range of applications, including in harsh or challenging environments where

other identification technologies such as barcodes or optical card readers may not

be able to function effectively.

The principle operation of RFID depends on tagging objects to identify them.

The RFID technique gives several benefits over the classical method of taking

attendance in class, whereas the system is able to uniquely identify each person

depending on their RFID tag, so that the operation of taking attendance is easier,

faster, and more secure compared with the classical method (Abdulsada, 2017).

RFID is a great utilization for the device due to its versatility and other

mentioned factors. Due to the mentioned adversities, the researchers decided to

pursue the study entitled, “Arduino Time Attendance System using RFID”.

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Research Paradigm
The IPO model is a useful framework for analysing and designing

information systems. It provides a systematic approach for identifying inputs,

processes, outputs, feedback, and control mechanisms, and helps researchers

optimize system performance and usability.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. I. Designing the time

attendance system

II. Testing the Arduino

Time Attendance System
I. Main Components with the application of
• Arduino Uno RFID tag in terms of:
• MFRC522 • Recording rate; and
RFID reader • Scanning Distance ARDUINO TIME
• NodeMCU III. Assessing the time ATTENDANCE
Esp8266 attendance system in
terms of
SYSTEM USING
II. Subcomponents • Efficiency RFID
• Environment
• Breadboard friendliness; and
• Ohm resistors • Durability
• Jumper wires
IV. Comparison of results
to traditional attendance
systems in terms of:
• Reliability
• Cost Effectivity

Feedback

Figure 1: Research Paradigm

The paradigm above illustrates the totality of the study wherein it includes

the presentation of the Input Process Output (IPO) model.

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Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim to produce a cheap, efficient, and environmentally

friendly time attendance system using an Arduino board and an RFID reader

module to save timestamps of the time-in and time-out of the students at Alangilan

Senior High School for the convenience of both parties. Specifically, it seeks to

answer the following questions:

1. How responsive is the time attendance system in terms of:

1.1. Recording Rate

1.2. Scanning Distance

2. How effective is the time attendance system based on its:

2.1. Efficiency;

2.2. Environment friendly attributes; and

2.3. Durability

3. What is the significant difference between the Arduino time attendance

system and manual attendance system in terms of:

3.1. Reliability

3.2. Cost-Effectivity

Hypothesis
This study tested the null hypothesis that:

There is no significant difference between the Arduino Time Attendance

System using RFID and the traditional method of attendance.

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Significance of the Study
This study “Arduino Time Attendance System using RFID” attempts to

create a time attendance system using Arduino Uno, MFRC522 RFID reader, and

NodeMCU Esp8266 module by designing and testing the above-mentioned

components.

Schools. This study can greatly contribute to schools who are looking for a

faster attendance method instead of sticking to the traditional ones.

School Administrators. This study can help school administrators to

prevent unauthorized access and tampering of attendance records.

Students. This study can help to reduce the students’ burden of writing their

attendance every single day.

Teachers. This study can help teachers to identify students who are

frequently absent and intervene early to address attendance-related issues.

Environment. This study can help solve environmental crises such as

reducing the paper usage which can help reduce pollution.

Institutions and Establishments. This study can help other institutions to

provide real-time tracking of attendance data, enabling them to identify

attendance-related issues promptly and take appropriate action.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study could also have significant

implications as a source of information for those who wish to investigate other ways

recording time attendance.

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Scope and Limitations
This study focused on producing a time attendance system for Alangilan

Senior High School students, teachers, and personnel. The researcher used

Arduino Uno, MFRC522 RFID reader, and NodeMCU Esp8266 module in crafting

the time attendance system.

The researchers will conduct this study throughout the school year 2022-

2023. This study's data were limited to the researcher's questionnaire evaluation

results. Furthermore, the questionnaire formats guided the study's results and

conclusions, and the responses of the target respondents served as the basis for

the study's conclusion. Other topics are not considered in this study.

Definition of Terms
This section of the chapter serves to aid readers better understand the

subject at hand. Below are unfamiliar terms included in this paper. Understanding

such terminologies and how they were used in this study may bring clarity for

reader convenience.

Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based

on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc and

initially released in 2010. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog

input/output pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards and other

circuits. In this study, it is one of the main components to be used by the

researcher.

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NodeMCU Esp8266. NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and

development board specially targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes

firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and

hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. In this study, it is one of the main

components to be used by the researcher.

MFRC522 RFID reader. It is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for

contactless communication. The MFRC522 supports contactless communication

and uses MIFARE higher transfer speeds up to 848 kBd in both directions. In this

study, it is one of the main components to be used by the researcher.

RFID. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a type of passive wireless

technology that allows for tracking or matching of an item or individual. In this

study, it will be used as the independent variable.

Time Attendance System. Time attendance system is a type of attendance

where the time-in and time-out of people are recorded. In this study, it will be used

as the dependent variable.

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents the summary of readings made by the researchers in

connection with the present problem. Conceptual and empirical analyses all

received careful consideration. This presentation is considered to make a

significant contribution to the accomplishment of this study.

Related Literature
Attendance System Innovations (QR Code)

QR codes have a wide range of applications in this evolving technological

world. A QR code is used to store massive amounts of information in a smaller

space. So the researchers of a related study decided to use QR codes in their

system and proposed a smart attendance system using QR codes. Secure

authentication is achieved using data-hiding algorithms with the embedded QR

Code. In their project, using smartphones, students scan a QR code, which will be

displayed by the teacher. When students scan this QR code, their attendance will

automatically be marked according to the user ID. It also discusses how the system

verifies student identity to eliminate false registrations (Patel, 2019).

These days, it is required to keep up with the latest technologies, especially

in the field of education. Educational institutions have been looking for ways to

enhance the educational process using the latest technologies. Looking at the

existing situation, the researchers of a related study have thought of using mobile

technology to efficiently benefit from the entire time assigned to a lecture. The time

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taken by instructors to take attendance may sometimes be viewed as a waste of

lecture time, especially when classes are large (Masalha, 2014).

In a related study by Navin (2018), the researchers proposed a smart

phone-based attendance framework that could overcome the above-mentioned

constraints. The proposed framework uses two different mobile applications used

by field personnel and recipient clients. The mobile apps require a simple internet

connection and work on a Quick Response (QR) code-based technique as a

mechanism for registering attendance remotely in the web portal for field personnel

interacting with respective recipient clients. The high-level implementation details

of the proposed system are explained in their paper. It also discusses how the

system verifies identity to eliminate false reporting.

A location-aware Event Attendance System using QR codes and GPS

technology is implemented using an Android application and a Firebase database

in the cloud to manage the attendance information. From the evaluation, the

proponents’ proposed system was capable of taking student attendance by

scanning the QR code. The GPS location, time of login, and logout were tracked

to ensure full attendance. Positive feedback was also found for the system in the

user acceptance test. However, this system can only support Android applications,

which makes it inconvenient for iOS users (Ayop, 2018).

The related study of Hendry (2017) presented an attendance system that

makes use of QR codes. The proposed system stores all data in a database in a

secure and protected database management system (DBMS), namely MySQL.

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The core of the attendance system is to provide a reliable and functional

attendance tracking and reporting system that enables administrators to identify

and rectify those students who do not meet the minimum attendance requirements

as stipulated in the policy and academic regulations of the school. In addition, the

attendance system will ultimately reduce administrative labor and minimize paper

usage.

Mobile attendance systems using QR codes have enhanced academic

management systems as they allow users to automate the attendance process.

Their study has developed a mobile attendance system using QR code technology.

The outcomes of this study have demonstrated that the combination of web-based

and mobile technology can improve the student experience at the university (Talip,

2019).

The proposed system by Wei (2017) with the same objectives consists of a

couple of applications: one for generating the QR Code by entering the student

details, and a second application for taking the attendance and generating the

attendance in CSV or XLS format. The teacher will need to scan the QR code of

the particular student in order to confirm their attendance. The paper discusses

how the system verifies student identity to eliminate false registrations. The system

deals with the management and evaluation of the attendance of all students. The

student QR code will be provided to the professor for taking their attendance. The

professor handling the subjects is responsible for marking the attendance of all

students in the group or class. The attendance will be marked as 0 and 1, 0 for

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absent and 1 for present, in the database of the particular student row in the table.

The student attendance reports will be generated in CSV and XLS for further use.

Attendance System Innovations (Fingerprint)

Biometric technology is a reliable tool for authentication. Various fingerprint-

based attendance systems have been reviewed. Some of the systems look

promising enough to be practically implemented in developing countries. The

existing systems can be further improved or combined, which helps make the

system more user-friendly, secure, and fast. Low-cost embedded platforms can be

combined with the user friendliness of LabVIEW and the added functionality of

GSM technology (Walia, 2016).

The main objective of the project is to monitor the students’ attendance in

all lectures, tutorials, and laboratory sessions in an efficient and cost-effective way.

The system prevents students from bunking classes. By now, biometrics have

been successfully used for more than a decade for "attendance systems." Thus,

the "Fingerprint attendance system" is a simple, cost-effective system that relies

on fingerprints for identification. The whole system is based on the premise that

everyone has a unique fingerprint, from which they can be quickly identified

through a computer database (Patil, 2016).

In the study of Saraswat (2010), a related study, proposed a system in

which fingerprint verification is done by using the extraction of minutiae technique

and a system that automates the whole process of taking attendance manually,

which is laborious and troublesome work and wastes a lot of time. Managing and

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maintaining the records for a period of time is also a burdensome task. For this

purpose, the researchers used a fingerprint verification system using extraction of

minutiae techniques. The experimental result shows that the proposed system is

highly efficient in verifying user fingerprints.

In another study, the researchers provided the design method for a wireless

fingerprint attendance system based on ZigBee technology. The system includes

a terminal fingerprint acquisition module and an attendance management module

via a computer. It can automatically realize such functions as information

acquisition from fingerprints, processing, wireless transmission, fingerprint

matching, and attendance management. Considering the facts and topology of the

ZigBee network, a fingerprint acquisition module and a wireless alarm module

were designed using the fingerprint sensor and module, respectively. The whole

system was implemented wirelessly through messages and the internet on the

GSM network. In order to achieve a simple and high-quality real-time system, it

realized a low-cost and high-performance wireless fingerprint attendance function,

which provided a new wireless fingerprint attendance system for enterprises and

institutions (Rajaserak, 2015).

Attendance System Innovations (Face Recognition)

Face recognition is as old as computer vision, both because of the practical

importance of the topic and the theoretical interest of cognitive scientists. Despite

the fact that other methods of identification (such as fingerprints or iris scans) can

be more accurate, face recognition has always remained a major focus of research

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because of its non-invasive nature and because it is people's primary method of

person identification. Face recognition technology is gradually evolving into a

universal biometric solution since it requires virtually zero effort from the user's end

compared with other biometric options (Kar, 2012).

RFID-based Applications

A student attendance and information system is designed and implemented

to manage student data and provide capabilities for tracking student attendance,

grading student marks, giving information about the timetable, lecture time, room

number, and other student-related information. Also, the proposed system of

another set of researchers with the same objectives provides ease for the staff

because there is no need for extra paper work and additional lockers for saving

data. The results achieved from the innovation of developing the system proved

reliable to support the attendance management system for an academic sector

through the usage of RFID technology and a microcontroller board. It can be

considered a successful implementation (Rjeib, 2018).

The RFID-based security and attendance system is more secure and fast-

reacting as compared to other systems like biometrics. The main advantage of the

RFID system is that it is contactless and works outside of line-of-sight. Tag works

in any environmental condition. By using the Arduino platform, the system

becomes faster in response, and while burning the code, it is just like a plug-and-

play device. The user can change the application accordingly by using Arduino. It

is very easy to use and very accurate, too. Hence, another researcher's project

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can be very useful for implementing the real-time application for recording the

attendance and tracking system as well as providing security benefits. In the words

of the researchers, the project can be improved by increasing the range of readers

through which the tag is read. Furthermore, the project can be done by using a

method in which the tag encrypts its ID and then sends it to the reader, which can

eliminate the capturing of the tag IDs (Mishra, 2015).

In another research by Rikabi (2018) the researchers proposed system, all

obstacles and errors that the researchers faced before have been solved. By

putting this cheap device in each class in their department and making all people's

cards RFID cards, they can give each person their own tag used for registration

without any tedious process.

Arduino Applications

Arduino, an open-source electronics platform, has become the go-to option

for anyone working on interactive hardware and software projects. An Arduino

board (such as the Uno) connected to a breadboard with plugins such as inputs,

sensors, lights, and displays can be controlled by code written in the Arduino

development environment. The best way to achieve this is by prototyping with

Arduino. Prototyping with Arduino has grown in popularity with the increased use

of the platform. Prototyping with Arduino, however, is not an easy task for

nonprogrammers with an interest in the field. With increased public interest in the

field will come a need for accessible information. Their paper presents a

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methodical literature review intended to intensively analyze and compare existing

primary studies on prototyping with Arduino (Kondaveeti, 2021).

There are a number of application areas for the Arduino board; however, it

may also be possible that we missed out on some areas. Based on another paper,

the proponents found that this is well suited for smart homes, medical, and body

control systems (Kaswan, 2020).

Related Studies
LAS: Web-based laboratory attendance system by integrating RFID-

ARDUINO technology

Managing students attendance during laboratory sessions is tedious due to

the large number of students, and this problem is worsened if laboratory sessions

are conducted in parallel due to a lack of resources and time. Hence, this paper

aims to overcome this problem by using the RFID-ARDUINO approach in a web-

based laboratory attendance system. Their proposed system will assist the lab

instructor in recording and managing student attendance automatically. In addition,

the system also provides an evaluation section for the lab instructor to key in and

manage the student's experiment marks. The system is divided into two parts:

web-based development and system integration with RFID-ARDUINO technology.

An Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used as the hardware platform.

Meanwhile, the web design is developed in Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe

Fireworks and deployed on the XAMPP application server. Visual Basic scripting

is used to integrate hardware and the SQL database. Upon testing, the Web-based

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Laboratory Attendance System (LAS) successfully facilitated the students'

attendance and laboratory management in the evaluation of student performance

for a particular experiment (Arbain, 2015).

Examination Room Guidance System Using RFID and Arduino

The aim of the project is to guide the students at the examination centers.

These days, 99% of the exams are held on a jumbled system. In this process,

many students face problems searching for rooms. Most of the students feel tense

before coming to the exam, and they still feel tense when searching for their place

for the exam. The aforementioned project is helpful in these cases. Each and every

student will be issued an RFID card as their hall ticket. While they reach the college

premises and by showing their hall ticket to the RFID reader. That will automatically

display the room number for that person. The project will mainly save time

searching for rooms in examination centers (Vandana, 2018).

Face Recognition and RFID Verified Attendance System

Proper attendance management is crucial for academic institutions to

disseminate and ensure quality education for every student. This paper presents

a model of an automated attendance system to alleviate the manual effort of

recording data, eliminating the chances of fraud. The model focuses on how face

recognition incorporated with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) detects

authorized students and counts them as they get in and out of the classroom. The

smart attendance system keeps an authentic record of every registered student

and greatly eradicates the traditional, tedious task. Moreover, their smart system

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keeps the data of every student registered for a particular course in the attendance

log and provides necessary information according to the need. By recognizing the

face of the individual and verifying it by RFID simultaneously in our project, the

limitations of the existing manual attendance system are mostly eliminated.

Another added feature to the project is that they are saving energy by

implementing a system using IR modules where the room's electronics only turn

on when there are people inside (Akbar, 2019).

Radio Frequency Identification (Rfid) Based Attendance System with

Automatic Door Unit

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves

to transfer data from an electronic tag, called an RFID tag or label, attached to an

object through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. RFID

technology is a mature technology that has been widely deployed by various

organizations as part of their automation systems. In another researcher's study,

an RFID-based system has been built in order to produce a time-attendance

management system. Their system consists of two main parts, which include the

hardware and the software. The hardware consists of the motor unit and the RFID

reader. The RFID reader, which is a low-frequency reader (125 kHz), is connected

to the host computer via a serial-to-USB converter cable. The Time-Attendance

System GUI was developed using Visual Basic.Net. The Time-Attendance

Management System provides the functionalities of the overall system, such as

displaying live ID tag transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording

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attendance, and other minor functions. This interface was installed on their host

computer (Chiagozie, 2012).

A Study on the Components used in RFID System and its Challenges

The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is an essential wireless

technique for identifying physically placed objects in certain state spaces. The

RFID system is the most emerging technology these days and is becoming the

alternative to the barcode. Hence, this technology has received a lot of attention

over the past few years. RFID system technology is used to automatically identify

any item or package. Automatic identification can be done with the help of RFID

tags and RFID reader units. The RFID tag contains a transponder that can transmit

wireless information over a short distance. The information is then received by the

device called the RFID Reader and further processed through middleware

infrastructure. Lots of the RFID system applications are being used in various fields

like Hospitals (Healthcare centers), Engineering, and Livestock for traceability

purposes. familiarity with the advantages and risks of the RFID system. The

advancement of this technology has made a gigantic impact on our daily lives

(Baballe, 2021).

IoT based Smart Attendance Monitoring System using RFID

Most institutional authorities are troubled by the cumbersome method of

maintaining the manual attendance of their employees. The manual process of

signing a document is prolonged and insecure. An efficient attendance monitoring

system needs to be enforced at such places. A radio frequency identification

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(RFID)-based attendance system provides us with a solution that caters to issues

like proxy attendance. This paper describes the design of an RFID-based

attendance monitoring system that uniquely identifies each employee or student

based on their RFID tag, which is attached to their ID card. This makes the

mechanism of recording attendance effortless, quicker, and more protected as

compared to the conventional method. Their system is designed to be used at

different educational institutions, corporate offices, government offices, etc. The

proposed system consists of both hardware and software components based on

IoT Technology. The hardware component consists of an RC522 RFID card reader

and RFID tags or cards. The software component consists of the Web-based GUI

for viewing the employee's or student's attendance, which is hosted on a web

server and stores the data in a database server. The employees or students just

need to place their RFID card or tag on the reader, and their attendance will be

recorded for the day. Also, the attendance recorded will be more accurate as the

system is synced with a real-time clock (Koppikar, 2020).

Attendance recording and consolidation system using Arduino and

Raspberry Pi

In many schools and colleges, teachers record the students' attendance in

an attendance register manually. Later, this data is entered into a computer, and

the aggregate percentage of students' attendance is calculated. This method

results in duplication of work and increases manpower requirements. In another

researcher's paper, an attendance recording and consolidation system (ARCS) is

implemented using Arduino and Raspberry Pi microcontroller boards. Arduino is

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used to implement the attendance recording device (ARD), whereas Raspberry Pi

is used as a Web server. ZigBee technology is used for transmitting the attendance

from the ARD to the server. A web page is created using the PHP language to

display the aggregate percentage of attendance of each student corresponding to

various classes in the institution. The advantages of their method are that it is user-

friendly, secure, and affordable (Sunehra, 2016).

Development Of Tele-Monitoring Attendance System Using RFID and Photo-

Cell

In a study by Ali (2018), the researchers presents a tele-monitoring system

to recognize attendees when entering a certain place without physical contact

using RFID, tags, and Photo-cells. The RFID is used to recognize the tags when

their holders enter the place area; however, the photocells will help determine if

there are really people passing through the system or not. Also, the photocells help

to determine the direction in which the attendees are going, either in or out of the

monitored place. Five data sets are collected instantly for each card: student name,

ID number, date, time, status, and IN/OUT. A small-scale prototype has been

constructed to test the concept of an RFID-Photocell attendance system, which

consists of RFID, two photocells, Arduino, and PLX-DAQ. The process of taking

attendance will start when the attendees with tags pass through the RFID reader

range, where their tag codes are compared with the database. If the database

matches the code, the information of the attendee, like name, ID number, date,

and time, will be shown in the Excel file. For a more accurate attendance system,

the photocell will be incorporated with RFID to count how many people pass

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through the system and detect if there is cheating during the attendance operation,

such as when two tag cards are located with one person. The photo cell will also

detect the direction of the attendees as they enter and exit, assisting in the

continuous tracking of the attendees. As a result, this project will assist in taking

attendance more confidentially, automatically, and easily.

Arduino based door unlocking system with real time control

Their system proposed is a door unlocking system containing multiple

doors, any of which can be used to access a certain zone, e.g., a laboratory or

library. Their system is implemented using a central server that contains a central

database that gathers all the information about authorized personnel. The

hardware components required are an RFID reader, passive RFID tags, a wireless

transmitter and receiver (433 MHz), and an Arduino microcontroller. Software

assistance from the Arduino IDE and Processing Development Environment (PDE)

is required for control. There is also provision for real-time monitoring of users'

activities, i.e., entry and exit. This is made possible by the automatic

synchronization of the system with a secured webpage via the internet (Nath,

2016).

Design and development of portable classroom attendance system based on

Arduino and fingerprint biometric

In a research by Zainal (2014), the study states that the design and

development of a portable classroom attendance system based on fingerprint

biometrics are presented. Among the salient aims of implementing a biometric

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feature into a portable attendance system are security and portability. The circuit

of their device is strategically constructed to have an independent source of energy

to be operated, as is its miniature design, which makes it more efficient in terms of

its portable capability. Rather than recording the attendance in writing or queuing

in front of a class equipped with a fixed fingerprint or smart card reader, Their paper

introduces a portable fingerprint-based biometric attendance system that

addresses the weaknesses of the existing paper-based attendance method or

long-term queuing. In addition, their biometric fingerprint-based system is

encrypted, which preserves data integrity.

Design and Implementation of Smart Attendance Management System Using

Multiple Step Authentication

In the traditional attendance system of Bangladesh, the teachers either call

the name or identity number of the students, to which the students respond, or

pass the attendance sheet to the students to sign. With the increase in the number

of students in the last two decades, the difficulties in the attendance management

system have increased remarkably. Again, in the case of passing the attendance

sheet to the students, some students sign multiple times, and proxy attendance is

taken. These two systems are very time-consuming. To overcome these

inconveniencies, the researchers' paper represents a smart attendance system

prototype. In their paper, radio frequency identification, biometric fingerprint

sensors, and password-based technologies are integrated to develop a cost-

effective and reliable attendance management system. A desktop application is

developed in a C# environment to monitor the attendance system (Sarker, 2016).

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A Comprehensive Study on Academic and Industry Authentication and

Attendance Systems

The attendance process has a difficult role in the classroom because it

involves proper labeling of attendance for each candidate against their own roll

call. The time and resources to be expended for the complete process are also the

main scrutinizing considerations for attendance labeling in classrooms. A lot of

research has been done to simplify the procedure using different technologies

such as RFID tags, barcode scanning, biometric scanners, face detection, etc. The

researchers’ paper provides an in-depth analysis of the literature for the different

historically applied systems and analyzes each one's vulnerabilities to consider the

advanced system's deployment viability. Their study identifies biometric features

as a standard for authentication. Fingerprint, face, and iris recognition are far

superior to other techniques in existence (Vinod, 2020).

Attendance Management System for Educational Sector: Critical Review

To maintain attendance records, several government organizations and

educational institutions in many countries still depend on the paper-based

attendance approach. This approach has presented several disadvantages, such

as being time-consuming and wasting environmental resources. It is necessary to

replace these traditional methods of attendance recording with more efficient ones.

Thus, much work has been done in this direction. Moreover, their study aims to

analyze the most recent studies on automated attendance systems regarding the

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timeline. Their critical review has highlighted studies in the existing literature

concerning technology, application domain, and main findings. Moreover, shed

light on the numerous studies on any of the three previous aspects (Arif, 2018).

Real-Time Online Attendance System Based on Fingerprint and GPS in the

Smartphone

The real-time online attendance method is helpful for workers who do a lot

of activities outside the office or have multiple schedules. The attendance system

using an online biometric fingerprint system will reduce the problems caused by

manual system usage, such as lags in data management. The purpose of the

researchers' study is to construct an online presence system that combines

fingerprint modules and GPS. The ZFM-20 fingerprint module is used as the

system's main input as well as a security tool to gain access to the entire system.

The GPS module is applied to determine the user's location and send it to the

smartphone. The Arduino module in the system will send a text message to the

parties concerned about the user's location data automatically. Each module works

well, and testing the entire system showed the system to be reliable according to

the initial scenario. The User can access the report using SMS, a website, or an

application on the Android smartphone. The fingerprint sensor can determine the

fingerprint stored in the database with an average response time of 1.39 seconds,

and GPS can determine latitude and longitude with an average error of 0.007352

percent and 0.0003 percent, respectively (Kamelia, 2018).

Automatic Attendance System Using Face Recognition Technique

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The attendance system is very important in schools and colleges. The

manual attendance system has many difficulties, like being less accurate and

difficult to maintain. So, attendance systems using face recognition techniques

increase accuracy and also require less time than other methods. There are many

existing systems for attendance, such as face recognition using IoT, PIR sensors,

and so on. For face recognition, hardware devices are also helpful. But the

challenge is to maintain all the sensors properly without causing damage. After

studying all methods and techniques, we are trying to implement a system with the

Haar Cascade Algorithm, which has the highest accuracy among all. The system

is able to capture images from 50 to 70cm. They are creating a graphical user

interface that captures the images, creates the dataset, and trains the dataset with

a single click. After recognizing the face, it will display the name of the student and

roll number. That information is stored in the attendance sheet automatically with

time and date (Surve, 2020).

Design of Student Attendance System Using Internet of Things (IoT)

Technology

Lecture attendance data at universities is a reference in showing the

credibility of each student used by lecturers as data for student grades as well as

an evaluation material for the success of teaching and learning activities in

lectures, but there are several examples of cases related to student attendance

data currently prevalent in the world of education or lectures, including the

phenomenon of "Leave absence," better known as TA. In addition, other problems

also arise from lecturers and administrative staff, namely difficulties in monitoring

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student attendance and efforts to validate attendance data because of the large

amount of student data. Therefore, in the researchers' study, a system was

proposed to reduce the level of fraud in filling out the attendance list and the

effectiveness of student data processing by applying the concept of the Internet of

Things (IoT) with the fingerprint presence method. Existing system modeling

results are expected to be able to support the service of processing academic data

automatically, produce accurate statistical data, and reduce data manipulation

factors from irresponsible parties (Santoso, 2019).

Implementation of Low Cost Real-time Attendance Management System: A

Comparative Study

In Hasan's (2020) study, researchers adopted a systematic approach to

enhance the level of service provided by the real-time attendance system. A test

was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the attendance system, which aimed

to be both cost-effective and accurate. Additionally, they considered the expenses

associated with connecting their biometric attendance system to a central server,

ensuring that data is instantly updated and minimizing the possibility of data loss.

The proposed prototype was estimated to cost approximately $30, whereas

existing devices tend to be more expensive. Furthermore, unlike most devices that

generate vast amounts of data per individual user, their proposed model offers

well-organized data that facilitates attendance tracking. Moreover, the entire

system requires only a minimal amount of energy to operate. It can be installed at

any location, offering the advantage of low installation costs.

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Integrated Power Management with Automated Attendance System

Optimal energy management in smart spaces requires intelligent and

reliable energy-aware context sensing and technologies that are capable of

recognizing and analyzing power consumption. In these researchers' system, they

proposed an efficient and reliable power management system with the inclusion of

automated attendance. The main objective is to automatically control the fan and

lights inside any space involving a large number of people. The next objective is

automated attendance. ID cards containing barcode data are sufficient for their

identity; they show their real-time data and their usage of an additional fine system

for being late. The priority of this work is to ensure that this system is affordable to

all with assurance of data integrity and authority (Narmadha, 2019).

A Foolproof Biometric Attendance Management System

In the study by Kishore (2013) the researchers propose a system that

automatically maintains the attendance records of students. Manually entering

attendance in log books becomes a difficult task and also wastes time. So, they

designed an efficient module that comprises a fingerprint sensor to manage the

attendance records of students. Their module enrolls the students as well as the

staff’s fingerprints. During the enrollment of fingerprints alone, they require a

system since it is a one-time process. A student can have his or her own roll

number as their fingerprint ID, which will be unique for each student and staff

member. After the enrollment process is completed, you can disconnect the

module from the system and insert a 9-volt battery into the module. Then the

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module can be taken to the class, and the presence of students can be seen. The

presence of each student will be updated in a database, and the data will be

passed to the server using Wi-Fi.

If a student is absent for a particular class, an SMS will automatically be

sent to their parents. If a student is absent continuously for more than three days,

a message informing the parents to meet the HOD will be sent automatically. So

everything here gets automated. Also, a unique username and password for staff

members are given on a website we create, and the website can display the

student’s details and their attendance percentage, which makes the work simple.

Also, mail and messages can be sent by the staff members using that site to

convey any urgent messages to the parents.

Automated attendance management systems: systematic literature review

Attendance systems have been rated as among the critical issues that

reflect domain achievements, and their performances have contributed better to

organizations, industries, and universities compared with traditional methods that

are time-consuming and inefficient. Different automatic identification technologies

have become trends, and extensive research has been conducted and many

applications have been produced to maximize their features. To address issues

related to attendance system technologies, including the advantages, schemes,

methods, and obstacles, they present a structured review of attendance

management systems with high potential for managing, recording, and tracking the

presence of users in different domains (Ali, 2022).

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Automation Attendance Systems Approaches: A Practical Review

Accounting for people is the first step for every manpower-based

organization in today’s world. Hence, it takes a significant amount of energy and

value in the form of money from respective organizations to both implement a

suitable system for manpower management and maintain that same system.

Although this amount of expenditure for big organizations is near to nothing, rather

just a formality, it does not hold as much truth for small organizations such as

schools, colleges, and even universities to a certain degree. This is the first point.

The second point for discussion is that much work has been done to solve this

issue. Various technologies, like biometrics, radio-frequency identification,

Bluetooth, the global positioning system, quick response codes, etc., have been

used to tackle the issues of attendance collection. The researchers' study paves

the way for researchers by reviewing practical methods and technologies used for

existing attendance systems (Gheisari, 2022).

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

This chapter presents the research method involved in the procedure as to

how the study was conducted. This also shows the equipment and materials used

to conduct the experiment. It contains information on how the researchers

performed the test and the data gathering technique.

Research Design
This study titled “Arduino Time Attendance System Using RFID" aims to

produce a cheap, efficient, and environmentally friendly time attendance system

using an Arduino board and an RFID reader module to save timestamps of the

time-in and time-out of the students at Alangilan Senior High School. The study

utilized an experimental research design. Subsequently, descriptive statistics will

be used to analyse data in order to affirm the study's outcomes and results.

Descriptive statistics describe, show, and summarize the basic features of a

dataset found in a given study, presented in a summary that describes the data

sample and its measurements.

Subject of the Study

The study’s main area is Alangilan Senior High School. The product, once

successfully operational, will be proposed to the Schools Division of Batangas City.

The researchers selected fifteen (15) students to assess the accuracy of the

proposed device from Alangilan Senior High School as the study's population.

Additionally, a control group of similar sample size were used in the comparison of

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data required by the study. Moreover, the researchers used purposive sampling to

identify questionnaire respondents to be selected to gather the necessary data

needed.

Research Instruments
Process. The main components used in crafting the time attendance

system are Arduino Uno, MFRC522 RFID reader, and NodeMCU Esp8266.

Moreover, the subcomponents needed are Breadboard, Ohm resistors, and

Jumper wires.

Feedback. The study employed clerical tools to collect data that is

necessary for providing responses to the research problems. The most effective

method that would be used in this study is the interview method, which meets all

of the criteria for a suitable data-collection instrument in the study.

In this study, the primary research tool is a researcher-created interview

questionnaire designed to collect detailed data on students’ perceptions and

preferences when using the time attendance system. The questionnaire is

composed of two parts: rating and observation of the time attendance system.

Option Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.50-4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.50-3.49 Agree

2 1.50-2.49 Disagree

1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree

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Research Procedure
A. Gathering of Materials

The researchers purchased and collected components of the time

attendance system to be made. From the related studies made, the researcher will

base the design of the product out of it.

B. Designing the Prototype

The researchers seek professional help in designing the time attendance

system prototype. The use of readily available materials will be considered.

Furthermore, the dimensions of the system were measured for easier recreation

of future researchers and implementers.

C. Assembling

The time attendance system will be assembled using the materials in the

input as shown in the research paradigm (Figure 1).

D. Testing

After assembling the system, it was tested based on different parameters.

E. Assessing

To measure the effectivity of the attendance system, the record using the

system was compared to the traditional ones.

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Figure 2

Research Procedure Flowchart

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Figure 3

Schematics

This figure shows the schematics of the time attendance system.

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Statistical Treatment

Interviews were used to gather information from respondents, which will

then be presented as a proposition. A content analysis method that concentrates

on the respondents' actual response to the survey will be used to analyze the data.

Prescriptive Analysis. It is widely used in business analysis for identifying

the best possible action for a situation. While other statistical analyses might be

deployed for driving exclusions, this one provides the actual answer. Basically, it

focuses on discovering the optimal suggestion for a process of decision-making.

Weighted Mean. This was used to measure the extent of the perspectives

and preferences of the students when using the time attendance system.

t-Test. This statistical tool was used to determine if there is a significant

difference between the Arduino Time Attendance System using RFID compared

to the traditional paper-based method of attendance.

Ethical Considerations

Following the selection of study participants, informed consent was

obtained. To avoid ethical issues with the study's participants, the researchers

followed the proper protocols. The study used a plagiarism checker to create a

document that was free of plagiarism. The researchers maintain objectivity in order

to ensure that their research is a reliable source of information. A prior agreement

was also obtained from the respondents to ensure that no participants were forced

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or coerced to participate in the research procedure. The respondents' identities

and opinions were treated with strict confidentiality.

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CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter exhibits presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data

according to the problem formulated in the study as to draw relevant conclusion

and recommendation.

1. Responsiveness of the Time Attendance System

Based on the collected data, the researchers have uncovered

significant findings across various experimental setups. The primary objective of

this analysis is to evaluate the responsiveness of the time attendance system in

terms of its recording rate and scanning distance. To further illustrate and

supplement the study's results, data tables have been included. These tables

provide a clear depiction of the time attendance system’s responsiveness in these

specific aspects, aiding in a better understanding and interpretation of the research

outcomes.

1.1 Recording Rate. Recording rate refers to the average time of recording

of a specific product over a certain number of trials. In the context of the time

attendance system, the evaluation of recording rate involves the use of an ID case

and another set of trials without it. Table 1 presents the recording rate of the time

attendance system of an RFID card without an ID case, while Table 2 presents the

recording rate of the time attendance system of an RFID card with an ID case.

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Table 1
RFID without ID case
Trials No. of Scans No. of Recorded Rate of Recording
1 10 9 90%

2 10 8 80%

3 10 10 100%

Average 9 90%

Based on the trials conducted, it was observed that the rate of recording of

the system varied for the same RFID. For the first trial, out of the ten scans, nine

have only been recorded. Then, for the second trial, only eight were recorded.

Surprisingly, the final trial triumphed over the previous tests with an overwhelming

positive outcome of ten out of the ten scans without any faults or delays. The trials

were conducted over an internet speed of 5 Mbps, though unexpected fluctuations

in the internet caused by external forces affected the rate at which the RFID was

recorded in real time.

Table 2
RFID with ID case
Trials No. of Scans No. of Recorded Rate of Recording
1 10 8 80%

2 10 10 100%

3 10 9 90%

Average 9 90%

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Based on the table above, it was observed that the rate of recording of the

system was the same in comparison to RFIDs without ID casings. For the first trial,

only eight scans were recorded, followed by ten out of ten, and finally nine out of

ten scans. The trials were conducted over an internet speed of 5 Mbps, though

unexpected fluctuations in the internet caused by external forces affected the rate

at which the RFID was recorded in real time. These conclude that RFIDs with or

without cases do not affect the rate at which they are recorded in the system.

1.2 Scanning Distance. Scanning distance refers to the average

separation length of two objects across multiple experimental setups. In the

context of the time attendance, the evaluation of scanning distance involves the

usage of ID case and another set of trials without it. Table 3 presents the scanning

distance of the time attendance system to an RFID card without an ID case, while

Table 4 presents the scanning distance of the time attendance system to an RFID

card with an ID case.

Table 3
RFID without ID case
Trials Maximum Scanning Distance (mm)
1 30
2 33
3 29
Average 30.7

Based on what is illustrated above, the table shows the maximum distance

that the scanner is capable of. The RFID was placed parallel to the scanner and

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measured using a conventional ruler. The first trial tested whether 30 mm was the

maximum distance. On the contrary, the second trial’s result proved the first one

incorrect at 33 mm. Finally, the final trial tested for 29 mm. On average, the

maximum distance that the MFRC522 model is capable of is 30.7 mm.

Table 4
RFID with ID case
Trials Maximum Scanning Distance (mm)
1 25
2 20
3 20
Average 21.7

The table above shows the maximum distance the scanner is capable of

when the RFID is put inside an ID case. Similar to the control tests, the RFID was

placed parallel to the scanner and measured with a conventional ruler. The first

trial proved to be the furthest out of the three trials, with 25 mm. The second and

third trials only managed to have a maximum distance of 20 mm, thus proving that

25 mm was the furthest it could go. On average, the maximum distance that the

MFRC522 model is capable of with the RFID inside an ID case is 21.7 mm.

2. Effectivity of the Time Attendance System

Based on the responses supplied by the participants, the

researchers used the obtained data to determine the success of the time

attendance system. The primary goal of this analysis is to establish the time

attendance system's efficiency, environmental

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friendliness, and durability. Supplementary data tables have been supplied on the

following page to improve the presentation and confirm the study's conclusions.

These tables visually show and summarize the effectiveness of the time

attendance system in relation to the individual issues under consideration. It

provides a clear and straightforward depiction of how the time attendance system

functions according to its parameters by presenting the data in a tabular manner.

These tables serve as a valuable tool in facilitating a better understanding and

interpretation of the research outcomes.

2.1 Efficiency. The questionnaire about the perspective on the Arduino

time attendance system at Alangilan Senior High School was purposefully given

to the G11 students from the STEM strand. The researcher allowed the selected

students to use the time attendance system one by one during their free time to

enable them to answer the given questionnaire. The researchers also provided

RFID for each student, which has a unique identification number.

Table 5
Efficiency
Indicators Weighted Verbal Rank
Mean Interpretation
The Arduino time attendance system 3.93 Strongly Agree 2.5
using RFID is easy to use.

The Arduino time attendance system 4.00 Strongly Agree 1

accurately records students’ attendance.

The RFID technology used in the 3.73 Strongly Agree 4

Arduino time attendance system is
dependable.

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The Arduino time attendance system 3.93 Strongly Agree 2.5
using RFID saves time compared to
manual attendance tracking.

The Arduino time attendance system 3.87 Strongly Agree 3

with RFID improves security and
prevents time theft (time theft pertains to
the time lost recalling the exact time of
arrival).
Composite Mean 3.89 Strongly
Agree

Table 5 presents the efficiency of the time attendance system. It can be

seen from the table that, in terms of efficiency, the Arduino time attendance system

accurately records student attendance with a weighted mean of 4.00, which is

verbally interpreted as strongly agree. Correspondingly, based on the table, in

terms of efficiency, the Arduino time attendance system is easy to use with a

weighted mean of 3.93, also verbally interpreted as strongly agree. Sequentially,

as indicated in the table, the Arduino time attendance system using RFID saves

time compared to manual attendance tracking, with a weighted mean of 3.93, and

is verbally interpreted as strongly agree. Consecutively, as shown in the table, the

Arduino time attendance system with RFID improves security and prevents time

theft, with a weighted mean of 3.87, again verbally interpreted as strongly agree.

Respectively, the table shows that the RFID technology used in the Arduino time

attendance system is reliable, with a weighted mean of 3.73 and verbally

interpreted as strongly agree.

Generally, the table indicates that the perspective of the students in terms

of the efficiency of the Arduino time attendance strongly agrees on its different

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indicators, with a composite mean of 3.89. According to the study of Mishra et al.

(2015), RFID-based security and attendance systems offer superior security and

prompt responsiveness compared to other systems such as biometrics. Its primary

benefit lies in its contactless nature and ability to function without a direct line of

sight. Moreover, RFID tags operate effectively in various environmental conditions.

In the same study, utilizing the Arduino platform enhanced the system's

responsiveness, enabling faster operation. Furthermore, the ease of burning code

onto the Arduino device makes it a seamless plug-and-play experience. Users can

effortlessly modify and adapt applications according to their needs, thanks to the

flexibility provided by Arduino. This user-friendly platform ensures ease of use

while maintaining a high level of accuracy in its performance.

2.2 Environment-Friendliness. The questionnaire regarding the

perspective on the Arduino time attendance system in Alangilan Senior High

School, specifically focusing on its environmental friendliness, was purposely

administered to the G11 students from the STEM strand. The researcher granted

the selected students the opportunity to individually utilize the Time Attendance

System during their free time, allowing them to provide feedback through the

questionnaire. Each student was provided with an RFID, which served as a unique

identification for the student.

Table 6
Environment-Friendliness
Indicators Weighted Verbal Rank
Mean Interpretation
The use of Arduino time attendance 3.87 Strongly Agree 1
system with RFID reduces paper waste
in the school.

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The use of the time attendance system 3.80 Strongly Agree 2.5
reduces the number of physical
documents which can be lost or
damaged, resulting in waste.
The use of Arduino time attendance 3.67 Strongly Agree 3
system with RFID reduces the
environmental impact of traditional time
attendance systems overtime.
The use of an Arduino time attendance 3.60 Strongly Agree 4
system using RFID is a more
environmentally responsible option than
traditional time attendance systems.
The use of an Arduino time attendance 3.80 Strongly Agree 2.5
system using RFID reduces the amount
of waste generated in the workplace.

Composite Mean 3.75 Strongly

Agree

Table 6 shows that the use of an Arduino time attendance system with RFID

reduces paper waste in schools, with a weighted mean of 3.87 and verbally

interpreted strongly agree. Correspondingly, the use of the time attendance system

reduces the number of physical documents that can be lost or damaged, resulting

in waste with a weighted mean of 3.80 and verbally interpreted strongly agree.

Likewise, the use of an Arduino time attendance system using RFID reduces the

amount of waste generated in the workplace, with a weighted mean of 3.80 and

verbally interpreted strongly agree. Consecutively, the table shows that the use of

an Arduino time attendance system with RFID reduces the environmental impact

of traditional time attendance systems over time, with a weighted mean of 3.67

and verbally interpreted strongly agree. Respectively, the table also shows that the

use of an Arduino time attendance system using RFID is a more environmentally

responsible option than traditional time attendance systems, with a weighted mean

of 3.60 and verbally interpreted strongly agree.

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Generally, the table indicates that the perspective of the students in

Alangilan Senior High School in terms of the environment-friendliness of the

Arduino time attendance system strongly agrees on its different indicators, with a

composite mean of 3.75. According to Blosser (2022), for a technology to earn the

designation of being environmentally friendly, it must possess the quality of energy

efficiency, which is determined by the ratio of energy output to energy input. By

leveraging low-power components, efficient coding practices, and intelligent power

management strategies, Arduino time attendance devices minimize their energy

consumption while delivering reliable performance. This concludes that the time

attendance system is energy efficient.

2.3 Durability. The questionnaire regarding the perspective on the Arduino

time attendance system at Alangilan Senior High School, specifically focusing on

its durability, was purposely administered to the G11 students from the STEM

strand. The researcher granted the selected students the opportunity to individually

utilize the Time Attendance System during their free time, allowing them to provide

feedback through the questionnaire. Each student was provided with an RFID,

which served as a unique identification for the student.

Table 7
Durability
Indicators Weighted Verbal Rank
Mean Interpretation
The Arduino time attendance system 3.60 Strongly Agree 1.5
using RFID is reliable and can withstand
regular use.

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The materials used to construct the 3.53 Strongly Agree 2.5
Arduino time attendance system using
RFID are of high quality.

The time attendance system is durable 3.53 Strongly Agree 2.5

and can last a long time.

The Arduino time attendance system 3.20 Agree 5

using RFID can withstand harsh
environmental conditions.

The time attendance system has a 3.27 Agree 4

robust design and can resist wear and
tear.

The Arduino time attendance system 3.47 Agree 3

using RFID has a sturdy build and can
withstand accidental drops or impacts.

The time attendance system requires 3.60 Strongly Agree 1.5

minimal maintenance to remain in good
working condition

Composite Mean 3.46 Agree

Table 7 shows that the Arduino time attendance system using RFID is

reliable and can withstand regular use, with a weighted mean of 3.60 and verbally

interpreted strongly agree. Correspondingly, the table also shows that the time

attendance system requires minimal maintenance to remain in good working

condition, with a weighted mean of 3.60 and verbally interpreted strongly agree.

Consecutively, the table shows that the materials used to construct the Arduino

time attendance system using RFID are of high quality, with a weighted mean of

3.53 and verbally interpreted strongly agree. Sequentially, the table also shows

that the time attendance system is durable and can last a long time, with a

weighted mean of 3.53 and verbally interpreted strongly agree. Likewise, it shows

that the Arduino time attendance system using RFID has a sturdy build and can

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withstand accidental drops or impacts with a weighted mean of 3.47 and verbally

interpreted agree. Furthermore, it also shows that the time attendance system has

a robust design and can resist wear and tear, with a weighted mean of 3.27 and

verbally interpreted agree. Respectively, the table shows that the Arduino time

attendance system using RFID can withstand harsh environmental conditions with

a weighted mean of 3.20 and verbally interpreted agree.

Generally, the table indicates that the perspective of the students in

Alangilan Senior High School in terms of the durability of the Arduino time

attendance system agrees on its different indicators, with a composite mean of

3.46. According to Borg (2016), the microcontroller is specifically engineered to

have a long lifespan, functioning with the same code for many years. While there

is a possibility of oxidation occurring on the connectors over time, Arduino-branded

boards typically utilize top-notch components that contribute to their high quality.

In addition, Arduino time attendance systems are known for their durability and

longevity. These systems are designed to withstand extended periods of use,

ensuring reliable performance over time. With high-quality components and

meticulous engineering, Arduino time attendance devices can endure years of

continuous operation without compromising their functionality or accuracy.

3. Difference Analysis between the Perception of the Respondents on

the Time Attendance System and Traditional Manual Attendance

In examining the market viability of the experimental time attendance

system in comparison to the traditional manual attendance, a comprehensive

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analysis was conducted focusing on two crucial factors: reliability and cost-

effectiveness. These two aspects play a pivotal role in determining the success

and acceptance of any product in the market.

Table 8

Indicators t- Degrees p-value Interpretation Decision

value of
freedom

Difference between
the Arduino Time
Attendance System
Significant at
using RFID and the -8.78 14 <0.00001 Reject
p-value <0.05
traditional method
of attendance in
terms of reliability.

Difference between
the Arduino Time
Attendance System
Significant at
using RFID and the -9.02 14 <0.00001 Reject
p-value <0.05
traditional method
of attendance in
terms of cost
effectiveness.

Based on the comparison of the data collected, the null hypothesis should

be rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference in the data between the Arduino

Time Attendance System using RFID and the traditional method of attendance in

terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. This shows the effectiveness of the

Arduino-based attendance system at Alangilan Senior High School.

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CHAPTER V
CONLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings established from the data

gathered in the study. It also gives the conclusion and the recommendation derived

from summary of findings of the study.

Conclusions

In the light of the significant findings revealed in the study, the following

conclusions were formed:

1. Based on the collected data, the researchers have uncovered significant

findings across various experimental setups. Based on the trials conducted,

it was observed that the rate of recording of the system varied for the same

RFID. Meanwhile, the maximum scanning distance between RFID with

cases and without ones only differ by approximately 10 mm. These

conclude that RFIDs with or without cases do not affect the rate at which

they are recorded in the system.

2. Based on the responses supplied by the participants, the researchers used

the obtained data to determine the success of the time attendance system.

The perspective of the students in terms of the efficiency of the Arduino time

attendance strongly agrees on its different indicators, with a composite

mean of 3.89. the use of an Arduino time attendance system using RFID is

a more environmentally responsible option than traditional time attendance

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systems, with a weighted mean of 3.60 and verbally interpreted strongly

agree. the Arduino time attendance system using RFID is reliable and can

withstand regular use, with a weighted mean of 3.60 and verbally

interpreted strongly agree. Overall, the device is effective from the three

measures stated above.

3. In examining the market viability of the experimental time attendance

system in comparison to the traditional manual attendance, a

comprehensive analysis was conducted focusing on two crucial factors:

reliability and cost-effectiveness. Based on the comparison of the data

collected, the null hypothesis should be rejected. Thus, there is a significant

difference in the data between the Arduino Time Attendance System using

RFID and the traditional method of attendance in terms of reliability. In terms

of cost effectiveness, the results show a clear difference between the

Arduino Time Attendance System using RFID and traditional methods of

attendance. This shows the effectiveness of the Arduino-based attendance

system at Alangilan Senior High School.

Recommendations

1. Implement the System in Other Educational Institutions: Extend the

implementation of the Arduino time attendance system to other schools and

educational institutions. Collaborate with different institutions to evaluate

the system's performance in diverse settings, considering factors such as

student population size, infrastructure, and administrative requirements.

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This will provide a broader understanding of the system's effectiveness and

adaptability across various educational environments.

2. Explore Customization Options: Explore customization options for the

Arduino time attendance system to accommodate the unique requirements

of different schools. Consider variations in attendance policies, reporting

formats, and administrative workflows, allowing for tailored implementation

that aligns with each institution's specific needs. This customization will

enhance user adoption and maximize the system's utility in different

educational settings.

3. Implement Biometric Authentication: Consider incorporating biometric

authentication, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, to enhance security

and reduce the potential for attendance fraud. Biometric features provide a

more reliable and accurate identification process for users.

4. Introduce Mobile App Support: Develop a dedicated mobile application that

seamlessly integrates with the Arduino time attendance system. This app

can provide users with convenient access to their attendance records, allow

them to request leaves or modifications, and receive notifications and

reminders, enhancing overall user experience.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A

Letters

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May 19, 2023

SARAH JANE D. PULHIN

Teacher III
Alangilan Senior High School

Madam:

Greetings of peace!

The undersigned are currently taking up Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

/3I’s and in the process of writing research entitled “Arduino Time Attendance
System using RFID” that aims to produce a cheap, efficient, and environmentally
friendly time attendance system using an Arduino board and an RFID reader
module to save the exact time attendance of students at Alangilan Senior High
School and also reducing the harmful environmental impacts by replacing the
traditional paper-based attendance taking.

In view of this, may we humbly request you to share your expertise and kindness
in the field by validating the attached research instrument to be used in the
completion of our work. Your suggestion and comments will be highly appreciated.

Attached to this letter are the title, statement of the problem and the
questionnaire to be used in this research for your perusal and approval.

We are looking forward to your positive response regarding this research.

Thank you very much and God Bless!

Sincerely,
GAYTO, JONATHAN JR. C.
GERON, WILL HARVEY A.
LONTOK, JOHN BENEDICT C
MANGUIAT, ABRAM JOSHUA R.
UNTALAN, LANZ JACOB C.

Noted by:

JORGIE A. AGUADO
Research Adviser

Approved by:

SARAH JANE D. PULHIN

Validator

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Dear Respondents,
Good Day!

We, the students of STEM 12-Newton, are now undertaking research

entitled "Arduino Time Attendance System Using RFID". The researchers aim
to produce a cheap, efficient, and environmentally friendly time attendance system
using an Arduino board and an RFID reader module to save timestamps of the
number of lates and absentees of students at Alangilan Senior High School for the
convenience of both parties. In this case, the researchers would like to ask for your
help by completing the questionnaire, which is one of the research methods used
to collect essential information for the study. Your participation in answering and
filling it out would be greatly appreciated by the researchers, as your response may
help them improve the product that they will create. You can be sure that your
responses will be kept private and used only for education. Thank you very much!

Respectfully Yours,
GAYTO, JONATHAN JR. C.
GERON, WILL HARVEY A.
LONTOK, JOHN BENEDICT C
MANGUIAT, ABRAM JOSHUA R.
UNTALAN, LANZ JACOB C.

Noted:

JORGIE A. AGUADO
Research Adviser

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DR. ELENETH D. ESCALONA
Principal III
Alangilan Senior High School

Ma’am:

Greetings of peace and solidarity!

We, students of Grade 12 Newton are currently taking up 3I’s and in the
process of writing a research entitled “Arduino Time Attendance System using
RFID” that aims to produce a cheap, efficient, and environmentally friendly time
attendance system using an Arduino board and an RFID reader module to save
the exact time attendance of students at Alangilan Senior High School and also
reducing the harmful environmental impacts by replacing the traditional paper-
based attendance taking.The research project is being conducted as part of our
academic requirements in 3I's in Alangilan Senior High School.

In view hereof, we are asking permission to conduct the research in your

school. More so, may we ask the student participants to complete the survey in
their classroom or any other quiet setting in the school site during their free time.
The survey process will take no longer than twenty minutes. The results that will
be pooled will remain confidential and anonymous. No costs will be incurred by
either the school and/or the individual participants.

Attached to this letter are the title, statement of the problem and the
questionnaire to be used in this research for your perusal and approval.

We are looking forward to your positive response regarding this research.

Thank you very much and God Bless!
Sincerely,
GAYTO, JONATHAN JR. C.
GERON, WILL HARVEY A.
LONTOK, JOHN BENEDICT C
MANGUIAT, ABRAM JOSHUA R.
UNTALAN, LANZ JACOB C.

Noted by:
JORGIE AGUADO
Research Adviser

Approved by:
DR. ELENETH D. ESCALONA
Secondary School Principal III

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APPENDIX B

Research Instruments

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APPENDIX C

Documentation

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Device Programming

Revisions and code debugging

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Programming each unique RFID

Inside view of the Arduino Time Attendance System

using RFID with its Lego casing.

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Rear view of the Arduino Time Attendance System

using RFID with its Lego casing.

Front view of the Arduino Time Attendance System

using RFID with its Lego casing.

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Top view of the Arduino Time Attendance System

using RFID with its Lego casing.

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Left view of the Arduino Time Attendance System

using RFID with its Lego casing.

Right view of the Arduino Time Attendance System

using RFID with its Lego casing.

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Demonstrating how to use the Time Attendance

System with an RFID Card to the participants.

A participant scans the RFID card, which is unique to

her name on the system.

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Research Infographics

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ACHIEVEMENTS

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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ACHIEVEMENTS

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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ACHIEVEMENTS

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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ACHIEVEMENTS

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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ACHIEVEMENTS

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