APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR

TRANSFORMATIONS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: ytkadai@hcmut.edu.vn

HCMC — 2020.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 1 / 21
OUTLINE

1 THE GEOMETRY OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN R2

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 21

OUTLINE

1 THE GEOMETRY OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN R2

2 THE GEOMETRY OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN R3

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN x−AXIS: f (x, y) = (x, −y)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 3 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN x−AXIS: f (x, y) = (x, −y)

Matrix for reflection in x− axis is

à !
1 0
A=
0 −1
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 3 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN y−AXIS: f (x, y) = (−x, y)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 4 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN y−AXIS: f (x, y) = (−x, y)

Matrix for reflection in y−axis is

à !
−1 0
A=
0 1
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 4 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN THE LINE y = x : f (x, y) = (y, x)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 5 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN THE LINE y = x : f (x, y) = (y, x)

Matrix for reflection in the line y = x is

à !
0 1
A=
1 0
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 5 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN THE LINE y = mx, (m 6= 0).

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 6 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

REFLECTION IN THE LINE y = mx, (m 6= 0).

Since the vector (1; m) is on the line y = mx,

it follows that f (1; m) = (1; m).
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 6 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

1
Note that the line y = − x is perpendicular
m
to the line y = mx at the origin. So the vector
(−m; 1) is on the perpendicular line. Thus,
by the reflection across the line y = mx, this
vector is mapped to (m; −1). That is, we have
f (−m; 1) = (m; −1).

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 7 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

1
Note that the line y = − x is perpendicular
m
to the line y = mx at the origin. So the vector
(−m; 1) is on the perpendicular line. Thus,
by the reflection across the line y = mx, this
vector is mapped to (m; −1). That is, we have
f (−m; 1)Ã= (m; −1).
! Ã !
1 −m 1 m
Let B = and A BC T =
m 1 m −1

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 7 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

Matrix for reflection in the line y = mx is

à !
2
1 1−m 2m
A = A BC T B −1 =
1 + m2 2m m2 − 1

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 8 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

PROJECTION IN THE LINE y = mx, (m 6= 0).

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 9 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

PROJECTION IN THE LINE y = mx, (m 6= 0).

Since the vector (1; m) is on the line y = mx,

it follows that f (1; m) = (1; m).
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 9 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

1
Note that the line y = − x is perpendicular
m
to the line y = mx at the origin. So the vector
(−m; 1) is on the perpendicular line. Thus,
by the projection in the line y = mx, this
vector is mapped to (0; 0). That is, we have
f (−m; 1) = (0; 0).

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 10 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

1
Note that the line y = − x is perpendicular
m
to the line y = mx at the origin. So the vector
(−m; 1) is on the perpendicular line. Thus,
by the projection in the line y = mx, this
vector is mapped to (0; 0). That is, we have
f (−m; 1)Ã= (0; 0). ! Ã !
1 −m 1 0
Let B = and A BC T =
m 1 m 0

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 10 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

Matrix for projection in the line y = mx is

à !
1 1 m
A = A BC T B −1 =
1 + m2 m m2

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 11 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

HORIZONTAL EXPANSION (k > 1) OR CONTRACTION

(0 < k < 1): f (x, y) = (kx, y)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 12 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

HORIZONTAL EXPANSION (k > 1) OR CONTRACTION

(0 < k < 1): f (x, y) = (kx, y)

Matrix for Horizontal Expansion or

Contraction is à !
k 0
A=
0 1
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 12 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

VERTICAL EXPANSION (k > 1) OR CONTRACTION

(0 < k < 1): f (x, y) = (x, k y)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 13 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

VERTICAL EXPANSION (k > 1) OR CONTRACTION

(0 < k < 1): f (x, y) = (x, k y)

Matrix for Vertical Expansion or

Contraction is à !
1 0
A=
0 k
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 13 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

HORIZONTAL SHEAR: f (x, y) = (x + k y, y)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 14 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

HORIZONTAL SHEAR: f (x, y) = (x + k y, y)

Matrix for Horizontalà Shear! is

1 0
A=
k 1
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 14 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

VERTICAL SHEAR: f (x, y) = (x, y + kx)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 15 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

VERTICAL SHEAR: f (x, y) = (x, y + kx)

Matrix for Vertical Shear

à is!
1 k
A=
0 1
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 15 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE ORIGIN

THROUGH THE ANGLE θ

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 16 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R2 Elementary Matrices for linear transformations

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE ORIGIN

THROUGH THE ANGLE θ

Matrix for Rotation

à is !
cos θ − sin θ
A=
sin θ cos θ
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 16 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Projection

PROJECTION ONTO x y−PLANE: f (x, y, z) = (x, y, 0)

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 17 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Projection

PROJECTION ONTO x y−PLANE: f (x, y, z) = (x, y, 0)

Matrix for Projection onto x y−plane is

 
1 0 0
A= 0 1 0 
 
0 0 0
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 17 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE z−AXIS

THROUGH AN ANGLE θ

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 18 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE z−AXIS

THROUGH AN ANGLE θ

    
x 0
cos θ − sin θ 0 x
 y  =  sin θ cos θ 0   y 
 0   
z0 0 0 1 z
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 18 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE x−AXIS

THROUGH AN ANGLE θ

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE x−AXIS

THROUGH AN ANGLE θ

    
0
x 1 0 0 x
 y  =  0 cos θ − sin θ   y 
 0   
z0 0 sin θ cos θ z
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE y−AXIS

THROUGH AN ANGLE θ

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 21

 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE ABOUT THE y−AXIS

THROUGH AN ANGLE θ

    
x0 cos θ 0 sin θ x
 0 
 y = 0 1 0  y 
 
z0 − sin θ 0 cos θ z
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 21
 The geometry of linear transformations in R3 Rotation in R3

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS HCMC — 2020. 21 / 21