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Fluid Mechanics 3

The document discusses various concepts related to fluid flow, including: - Path lines, streak lines, and streamlines which describe the motion of fluid particles in a flow field. - Uniform and non-uniform flow, where uniform flow has constant velocity along a path and non-uniform flow has varying velocity. - Laminar and turbulent flow, where laminar flow moves in smooth layers and turbulent flow is irregular and chaotic. - The Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation along a streamline. - Examples are given of applying concepts like rotating flow, flow acceleration, and the Bernoulli equation to solve problems involving fluid motion.

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Choukoura Aldfeer
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45 views29 pages

Fluid Mechanics 3

The document discusses various concepts related to fluid flow, including: - Path lines, streak lines, and streamlines which describe the motion of fluid particles in a flow field. - Uniform and non-uniform flow, where uniform flow has constant velocity along a path and non-uniform flow has varying velocity. - Laminar and turbulent flow, where laminar flow moves in smooth layers and turbulent flow is irregular and chaotic. - The Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation along a streamline. - Examples are given of applying concepts like rotating flow, flow acceleration, and the Bernoulli equation to solve problems involving fluid motion.

Uploaded by

Choukoura Aldfeer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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▪ Flowing Fluid

Fluid motion

Path line , streamline and streamline


▪ The path line is the path of a fluid particle as it moves through a flow field. For
example, when the wind blows a leaf, this provides an idea about what the flow is
doing.

▪ The streak line is the line generated by a tracer fluid, such as a dye, continuously
injected into a flow field at a starting point. For example, if smoke is introduced into
a flow of air, the resulting lines are streak lines.

▪ The streamline is defined as a line that is tangent everywhere to the local velocity
vector.

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


▪ Flow Pattern is a construct lines that show the flow direction to
visualize the flow field

▪ Fig. for water flowing through a slot in the side of a tank. The velocity
vectors have been sketched at three different locations: a, b, and c. The
streamlines, according to their definition, are tangent to the velocity
vectors at these points.
Fig. Flow through an opening
in a tank
▪ Expressing the velocity of the fluid in the form

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Flow over an airfoil section.
streamline pattern

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Type of flow in pipe

▪ 1. uniform flow
▪ 2. nonuniform flow

▪ In a uniform flow, the velocity does not change along a fluid path; that is,

Uniform flow in a pipe


▪ It follows that in uniform flow the fluid paths are straight and parallel as shown in Fig

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Type of flow in pipe

▪ In nonuniform flow, the velocity changes along a fluid path

Flow patterns for nonuniform flow. (a) Converging flow

▪ For the converging duct in fig the magnitude of the velocity increases as the duct
converges, so the flow is nonuniform

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Type of flow in pipe
▪ For the vortex flow shown in Fig. the magnitude of the velocity does not change along the
fluid path, but the direction does, so the flow is nonuniform.

Flow patterns for nonuniform flow, Vortex flow

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Type of flow in pipe
▪ Steady flow means that velocity at each location in space is constant with time. This
idea can be written mathematically as

▪ In an unsteady flow, the velocity is changing, at least at some points, in the velocity
field. This idea can be represented with an equation:

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Laminar and turbulent flow

▪ In a famous experiment, Osborne Reynolds showed that there are two different kinds
of flow that can occur in a pipe.*

▪ The first type, called laminar flow, is a well-ordered state of flow in which adjacent
fluid layers move smoothly with respect to each other. The flow occurs in layers or
laminae. An example of laminar flow is the flow of thick syrup (Fig. 4.12a).

▪ The second type of flow identified by Reynolds is called turbulent flow,

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Instructor:saad al-balta 2023
Dimensional flows

The flow is uniform, or fully developed, so the velocity


does not change in the flow direction z , one-dimensional
flow
Circular duct
Flow is uniform flow , the velocity depends on two
dimensions, namely x and y, so the flow is two
dimensional flow
Square duct
The flow direction and the velocity will be dependent on z
as well as x and y. This flow is three-dimensional flow.

Square duct with variable cross sectional area


Instructor:saad al-balta 2023
Flow acceleration

▪ Acceleration is a property of a fluid particle that characterizes the change in speed of


the particle and the change in the direction of travel at an instant in time. The
mathematical definition of acceleration is

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


▪ As a particle moves along the straight streamline in Fig 4.18, it is slowing down.
Because the particle is changing speed, it is accelerating (actually, decelerating in this
case). Whenever a particle is changing speed, there must be a component of the
acceleration vector tangent to the path. This component of acceleration is called the
tangential component of acceleration.

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


▪ As a particle moves along a curved streamline (see Fig 4.19), the particle must have a
component of acceleration directed inward as shown. This component is called the
normal component of the acceleration vector.

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Euler’s equation (pressure variation)

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Euler’s equation for motion of a fluid. It shows that the acceleration is equal to the change in
piezometric pressure with distance, and the minus sign means that the acceleration is in the direction
of decreasing piezometric pressure

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Rotating flow (pressure distributed)

These equivalent equations describe the pressure


variation in rotating flow

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Problem

▪ A U-tube is rotated about one leg, as shown. Before being rotated the liquid in the
tube fills 0.25 m of each leg. The length of the base of the U-tube is 0.5 m, and each
leg is 0.5 m long. What would be the maximum rotation rate (in rad s) to ensure that
no liquid is expelled from the outer leg?

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Solution

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Problem

▪ When the U-tube is not rotated, the water stands in the tube as shown. If the
tube is rotated about the eccentric axis at a rate of 8 rad s, what are the new
levels of water in the tube?

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Solution
𝑃1 𝜔2 𝑟12 𝑃2 𝜔2 𝑟22
▪ Equation of rotating flow − + 𝑧1 = − + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Bernoulli equation

▪ The Bernoulli equation is developed by applying Euler’s equation along a path


line with the direction L replaced by s, the distance along the path line, and the
acceleration a replaced by aL, the direction tangent to the path line. Euler’s
equation becomes

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Instructor:saad al-balta 2023
Instructor:saad al-balta 2023
Bernoulli equations

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Ex. A open tank filled with water and drains through a
port at the bottom of the tank. The elevation of the water
in the tank is 10 m above the drain. The drain port is at
atmospheric pressure. Find the velocity of the liquid in
the drain port.

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Problem

▪ A open tank filled with water and drains through a port at the bottom of the
tank. The elevation of the water in the tank is 10 m above the drain. The drain
port is at atmospheric pressure. Find the velocity of the liquid in the drain port.

▪ Assumptions:
1. Flow is steady.
2. Viscous effects are unimportant.
3. Velocity at liquid surface is much less than velocity in drain port

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Solution

Instructor:saad al-balta 2023


Instructor:saad al-balta 2023

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