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Research report

a. Culinary characteristics and ingredients of special, cultural and religious diets

Complete the following table by providing a brief description of each diet or regime, the health or other implication of failing to address the special
requirement, and one suitable adjustment, replacement or substitute ingredient.

Diet/regime Description Health/other implications of Adjustment/replacement/

failing to address special substitute ingredient
requirements

Elimination An elimination diet is a diet that excludes a food or set of foods that are Failure to address these Avoid inclusion of peanuts in
diet thought to induce an unpleasant food reaction, often known as a "food criteria may result in the diet and peanuts can be
intolerance." You can learn which foods are causing or exacerbating symptoms. They can substituted with beans
symptoms by eliminating them for a period and then returning them during include stomach and
a "challenge" phase. intestinal discomfort,
headaches, rashes, itching,
and even vague symptoms
of being ill, such as flu-like
aches and pains, unusual
fatigue, or difficulty
concentrating.

Macrobiotic Macrobiotics diet is a way of living that emphasizes balance and harmony. While some people may be Avoid using microwaves or
diet It consists of a strict food regimen, mild exercise, and behavioural able to satisfy their dietary ovens to prepare the food.
adjustments. All are aimed at achieving a natural and peaceful way of requirements on this diet, it
living. Although there is no scientific evidence to support the health claims can be difficult. There are
connected with macrobiotics, many people experience improved health several health and nutrition
and well-being when adhering to its principles. issues, such as a lack of
protein, vitamin B12, and
calcium. There is also a
possibility that you will get
dehydrated. Another issue
to consider is the stress
that comes from attempting
to stick to the diet plan,
which affects both the

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Diet/regime Description Health/other implications of Adjustment/replacement/

failing to address special substitute ingredient
requirements

dieter and their family.

Fat-free/low fat This type of diet contains very low amount or no amount if fat. Foods Foods branded fat-free, One of the substitutions for
labelled "fat-free" must have less than 0.5 gram of fat per serving. "Low- reduced fat, low-fat, or low fat olive oil.
fat" foods must have no more than 3 grams of fat per serving. Reduced-fat sugar-free are not calorie-
foods must have at least 25% less fat than conventional versions of the free, and they frequently
same meals. contain additions such as
salt, sugar, and chemical
fillers that make them
unhealthy.

Fluids only The complete liquid diet, as the name indicates, allows only liquids (or Constipation is a common Liquid diets alone cannot
meals that convert into liquids at room or body temperature). It may be side effect of a liquid diet, provide the calories
advised for a variety of reasons, including when swallowing is difficult, or which may be attributed to necessary so some foods can
your digestive system is in discomfort. A liquid-only diet is intended to be a the low fibre content of be replaced by solid diet to
temporary solution while you are under the supervision of a doctor. most liquids. Furthermore, accommodate for healthy diet.
very low-calorie diets (may
increase the incidence of
gallstones more than low-
calorie diets).

Gluten free A gluten-free diet is an eating regimen that eliminates gluten-containing Failure to address the Use of fresh foods and avoid
foods. Gluten is a protein present in grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and requirement can cause usage of grains.
triticale (a cross between wheat and rye). A gluten-free diet is crucial for symptoms like food
treating the signs and symptoms of celiac disease and other gluten- allergies, autoimmune
related medical disorders. disorder and other
symptoms like abdominal
pain, bloating, diarrhea,
constipation, "foggy brain,"
rash or headache.

Halal Halal is an Arabic term that meaning "allowed." In terms of eating, it refers Failure to address the Since the Islamic people are
to food that is permitted under Islamic law. A meat cannot be declared requirement can hurt the very strict to the
“halal” if it contains a prohibited cut (such as meat from the hindquarters) sentiments of the people of requirements, there are no

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Diet/regime Description Health/other implications of Adjustment/replacement/

failing to address special substitute ingredient
requirements

or animal (such as pork.). The animal must not be sleepy. Islam because they feel any adjustments or
strongly about this matter. replacement ingredients to
this requirement.

High High carbohydrate diet are the foods that contain high level of High carbs can lead to high The adjustments that can be
carbohydrate/l carbohydrate. glucose level in the body done are determining the
ow and cause diabetes appropriate amount of
Low carbohydrate diet are the foods that contain low level of
carbohydrate carbohydrate necessary for
carbohydrate. Low carbs can cause
the body function.
constipation, headache and
muscle cramps.

High or low A high energy diet contains 1.2-1.5 grams of protein per kilogram of body High energy diet can The reasonable adjustments
energy (high weight per day, as well as enough energy to sustain fat reserves (35-40 promote obesity, Type II are to find the balance
or low kcals/kg body weight per day). diabetes, hyperglycaemia, between the diets and
kilojoule) hyperlipidaemia, and other maintaining the level of
A low-energy diet is used to help with weight loss for brief periods of time.
metabolic disorders. calories sufficient for the
It is intended to cause your body to switch from using glucose from carbs
body.
as your primary energy source to burning fat reserves. Low energy diet can result
in frailty, cardio-metabolic
deterioration, and
increased mortality

High or low A high-protein diet is one in which protein accounts for 20% or more of In patients with renal Using whole grains can help
protein total daily calories. Most high protein diets are rich in saturated fat and illness, a high-protein diet maintain the protein and fibre
severely limit carbohydrate consumption. may impair kidney function level.
because your body may
A low-protein diet is a diet in which people decrease their intake of protein.
have difficulty removing all
A low-protein diet is used as a therapy for inherited metabolic disorders
the waste products of
protein metabolism.
Serious protein shortage
can result in enema, fatty
liver, skin deterioration,
increased infection severity,

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Diet/regime Description Health/other implications of Adjustment/replacement/

failing to address special substitute ingredient
requirements

and stunted development in

children.

High fibre Plants, shrubs, vines, and trees provide all fibre. Of course, the ones we Failure to include high fibre Inclusion of fruits can fulfill the
eat contain fruits, vegetables, and grains. There are several kinds of fibre, in the food can cause amount of fire in the diet.
but the three most critical for overall health are Insoluble fibre, Soluble constipation and lead to
Fibre, and Prebiotic Soluble fibre. haemorrhoids and other
complications.

Hindu Although most of the Hindus are vegetarian but the one thing that is Since this is related to the Avoid use of cow meat,
forbidden is cow meat. Some Hindus also avoid usage of garlic and onion. faith of the religion, failure inclusion of goat meat is
to address the special preferred.
requirement can hurt the
sentiments of the people.

Kosher Kosher meals are divided into three categories: meat, dairy, and "pareve," Failure to address the Not all Jews follow the
which is sometimes written "parve." Meat. Kosher meat is derived from requirement can hurt their kashrut regulations by
animals with split hooves, such as cows, sheep, and goats, and that chew sentiments because these consuming kosher food. For
their cud. When these animals feed, partly digested food (cud) returns meals are prepared for the those who do, it is a means to
from the stomach to be chewed again. This is related to Jewish dietary Passover meal. honour God while also feeling
regulation. connected to their faith and
community so this can be
replaced with other
appropriate meals.

Lacto ovo A lacto-ovo is a vegetarian who consumes animal products such as eggs Since this is not related to Substitute ingredient can be
and dairy. faith there are not any low fat milk.
implications on failure to
address the requirement
and there seems no health
abnormalities.

Low This type of diet contains food that contain low cholesterol like fruits and Although the dangers are We need to find a balance in
cholesterol vegetables and avoiding foods like egg, cheese. limited, very low cholesterol the diet by including

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Diet/regime Description Health/other implications of Adjustment/replacement/

failing to address special substitute ingredient
requirements

levels may be linked to an vegetables, fruits, eggs,

increased risk of: Cancer. cheese etc.
Stroke caused by a blood
clot. Depression.

Low gluten Gluten is a group of proteins found in certain grains, such as wheat, rye, Failure to address the Inclusion of gluten free diet
and barley. Low gluten diet consists a lower amount of these foods. special requirement can like fruits, vegetables, beans,
affect the people with celiac eggs etc
disease.

Modified A potassium-modified diet is designed to help you achieve and maintain a Low potassium levels can The amount of potassium
sodium or healthy potassium level. Depending on your blood potassium level, you cause muscular weakness modified must be customized
potassium may need to adjust the quantity of potassium in your diet to attain a and an irregular pulse. to the person. Serum
healthy level. potassium levels are
High potassium levels can
measured in order to track
cause muscular weakness,
and modify potassium
numbness, disorientation,
consumption.
and dangerously low blood
pressure; in extreme
situations, they can cause
an irregular heartbeat or a
heart attack.

Modified A texture adjusted diet will include carefully selected meals of an Failure to address the They should avoid sweets.
texture acceptable consistency that can be chewed and managed more readily by special requirement can
a person with dysphagia. cause deadly
consequences like
chocking

Diabetic (type To keep their blood glucose levels in range, people with type 1 diabetes Failure to address the Sugar free sugar can be used
1 and type must balance what they eat and drink with insulin. special need can cause as a substitute to sugar.
2)/low irregulating in the blood
Complex carbs such as brown rice, whole wheat, quinoa, oatmeal, fruits,
sugar/sugar sugar level which can have
vegetables, beans, and lentils are included in the type 2 diabetes diet
free health consequences.

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Diet/regime Description Health/other implications of Adjustment/replacement/

failing to address special substitute ingredient
requirements

meal plan.
Low sugar or sugar free diet consist of food with low to no any sugar food.

Vegan A vegan diet excludes the use of meat, eggs, dairy products, and any Risk of developing a Use of mushroom can fulfill
other animal-derived compounds. Vitamin-B12 deficiency, not the lack of vitamin D
enough iron, zinc, vitamin
D, calcium, and omega-3
fatty acids in the diet

Vegetarian Vegetarian diet is abstaining form use of meat products in the food. We need to eat plenty of Eggs and milk can be used.
vegetables to fulfill the
amount of nutrients to the
body like protein

b. Drug-food interactions, food allergies, food intolerances and cultural and religious dietary sanctions
Complete the following table by providing a brief definition of each of the following terms and providing two examples of each.

Term Definition Examples

Drug-food When your food and medicine interact, you have a drug-food interaction. Interactions between 1. Milk, yogurt, and cheese can interact
interaction prescription and over-the-counter medications are possible. Antacids, vitamins, and iron with some medicines, including
supplements are examples of them. antibiotics like tetracycline, doxycycline,
and ciprofloxacin.

2. Pickled, Cured, and Fermented Foods

can cause high blood pressure among
patients taking monoamine oxidase

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inhibitors (MAIOs) and certain

medications for Parkinson’s disease.

Food Meal allergy is an immune system response that develops shortly after consuming a specific food. 1. Peanut allergies
allergy Even a trace amount of the allergy-causing food might cause symptoms such as stomach issues,
rashes, or inflamed airways.
2. Milk allergies

Food Certain foods are difficult to digest for someone who has a food intolerance. It is vital to 1. Lactose intolerance
intolerance understand that a food intolerance is not the same as a food allergy.

2. Gluten intolerance

Cultural These are dietary refrainment or preferences that are influenced by the culture or religion of any 1. Muslims eat only halal meat.
and person.
religious
dietary 2. Hindus do not eat cow meat.
sanctions

c. Key health and legal consequences of failing to address special requirements

Complete the following table by providing at least one health and one legal consequence of the following scenarios.

Scenario Scenario Possible consequences

type

Allergic A customer orders coffee and cake in a bistro during a busy weekend lunch service. At the time Health consequences: Hives or skin
reaction of ordering, they clearly state that they have an allergy to eggs and egg products and check that inflammation Sneezing, nasal
the cake they are ordering is egg-free as advertised on the menu. The waiter assures the congestion, and a runny nose (allergic
rhinitis) Cramps, nausea, and vomiting
customer that it is. When the waiter takes the order through to the kitchen, they are careful to are examples of digestive symptoms.
communicate to the kitchen staff that the customer has an egg allergy and they write the allergy Asthma symptoms include coughing,
carefully on the docket. However, when the cake is served, a sauce containing egg protein is wheezing, chest tightness, and
added to the plate and it is served to the customer. The customer suffers an allergic reaction

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requiring hospitalisation. shortness of breath.

Legal consequences: A person who has

an allergic reaction may be able to file a
personal injury compensation claim
against the bistro

Anaphylaxi A resident in an aged care facility has a known allergy to tree nuts causing anaphylaxis. The Health consequences: Anaphylaxis
s allergy is clearly recorded in the resident’s medical records, in meal plans and as required by all causes your immune system to produce
the legislation. However, there is a change to an ingredient in one of the sauces used in a a torrent of chemicals, which can send
standard recipe which is not picked up when stock is delivered. The resident unfortunately you into shock – your blood pressure
consumes a tiny amount of the sauce, suffers an anaphylactic reaction and passes away as a drops rapidly, and your airways
result. constrict, making breathing difficult. A
fast, weak pulse, a skin rash, and
nausea and vomiting are all signs and
symptoms.

Legal consequences: The family of the

deceased can file for compensation or
take legal action against the facility or
the staff involved.

Food A person with a food intolerance to lactose is eating at a new restaurant. They forget to advise Health consequences: Diarrhea,
intolerance the staff about their dietary issue and, when the meal is brought to the table, they notice that it Nausea, and sometimes, vomiting,
has been topped with cheese. The addition of cheese wasn’t described on the menu. They then Stomach cramps, Bloating, Gas
advise the staff they have a lactose intolerance and ask them to return the dish to the kitchen
and prepare a new one. When the dish comes back to the table, the waiter assumes that it is
safe for them to eat. The next day, they suffer dietary symptoms similar to having eaten lactose Legal consequences: The person can
and the only thing that they can put it down to is the meal that they had in the new restaurant. file for compensation to the restaurant.
When they contact the restaurant, they discover that the cheese was removed from the top of the
dish and the same dish was re-served. The restaurant advises the customer that there may have

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been some cheese throughout the dish as well.

d. Main customer groups that have special dietary requirements

Complete the following table by providing a brief explanation (one or two sentences) as to the type of special dietary requirements that each of the following
groups might have.

Group Possible special dietary requirement/s

Adolescents Adolescence is a critical time for physical development and sexual maturation. Nutrition, as a key driver of
adolescent physical growth, is an important issue that requires study.

Athletes Athletes' special dietary needs include a wide range of foods such as wholegrain breads and cereals, vegetables
(especially leafy green types), fruit, lean meat, and low-fat dairy products to improve long-term nutrition patterns
and behaviours.

Children Children's dietary requirements should contain fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat and nonfat dairy
products, legumes, seafood, and lean meat.

Defence forces The special dietary requirement of the defence forces should include high protein, low fat foods including fish,
beans, whole wheat pasta, egg whites, skim or 1% milk, and low fat yogurt. Avoid fried foods, high-fat meats, egg
yolks, and whole milk.

Elderly The elderly's special dietary needs should include vitamin D-containing foods in addition to vitamin D-containing
meals. Vitamin D-rich foods include fresh or canned salmon, herring, and egg yolk. Cow's milk, fortified plant-
based drinks, and margarine are examples of vitamin D fortified foods.

Health care Thy should include food that is high energy and high in protein to help their immune system.

Ill or injured The special dietary needs should include a mix of fruits and vegetables, lean meats, and healthy fats, and make
sure they are getting enough calories to help the healing process.

Infants Their diet should include a formula milk. Fruits, vegetables and non-wheat cereals are also appropriate.

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International tourists The diet should include vary light meal and things that are easy to digest as they might have to travel often.

Nutritional and energy requirements This dietary need should be changed according to the physical condition. High energy low energy and high
due to physical condition nutrition and low nutrition diet, depending on the need of the person should be considered.

People in areas affected by disaster As an urgent intervention, supply 3 or 4 kg of food per person per week to any population group that is or looks to
or environmental extremes be at high nutritional risk. The most essential thing at this point is to supply enough energy, even if it is not a
balanced diet. For a brief length of time, 1700 Kcal per day will avoid serious nutritional decline and starvation.

People from different socioeconomic Their diet should be based on their requirements.
groups

People in remote areas The people form the remote areas need diet that is a mixture of all the nutrients.

Those with weight problems Underweight people need diet that has carbohydrate and protein.
(underweight/overweight/obese)
People with overweight should choose minimally processed, unprocessed foods such as whole grains, vegetables,
fruits, nuts, lean protein sources (fish, poultry, and legumes), and plant oils. Sugary drinks, refined cereals,
potatoes, red and processed meats, and other highly processed meals, such as fast food, should be avoided.
Obese people should eat fruits and vegetables. Plant oil should be used.

e. Nutrients and their food sources

List two food sources for each of the following nutrients

Nutrient Food source

Potassium Banana
Spinach

Vitamin C Strawberries
Lemon

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Protein Fish
Poultry

Iron Red meat

Beans

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f. Principles of nutrition
Provide brief answers (one or two sentences) to the following questions.

Question Answer

Describe two factors which can The factors that can influence food choice are
influence food choice.
- Health: The physical condition of a person can affect the food choice. Some people might need to exclude
some things and others might need to include some food in their diet.
- Religion: The religion of a person can influence the food choice because some religions forbid some food
or practices.

List the nine potential allergens The nine possible allergies that should be highlighted on food labels are:
which must be highlighted on food
- Celery, milk, egg, soy, wheat, fish, seafood, tree nut and peanut.
labels in Australia

Describe the role and implications of Food additives extend the shelf life of our food and can make it taste, look, and smell like something it is not. They
using food additives and let food to remain on store shelves and subsequently in our cabinets for months — and in some cases years –
preservatives without spoiling. Food additives are linked to asthma attacks, hayfever, sinusitis, rashes, hives, migraines,
hyperactivity, irritability, sleeplessness, diarrhea, colicky pains, and other health problems, in addition to putting a
strain on our bodies' detoxifying mechanisms.

Describe two potential health We can become overweight, undernourished, and at danger of developing illnesses and disorders such as
implications of food choices arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease if we consume too much food or food that sends our bodies the incorrect
instructions.

Describe the role of good nutrition in Good nutrition promotes appropriate bodily development and lowers the risk of chronic illnesses such as obesity.
avoiding dietary disease Adults who consume a nutritious diet live longer and are less likely to develop obesity, heart disease, type 2
diabetes, or some malignancies.

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Compare the effects of boiling and When cooking carrots, steaming is preferable to boiling. Steamed vegetables remain separate from the hot water,
steaming on the nutritional value of allowing them to retain more nutrients.
carrots

Briefly summarise the five Australian The five Australian Dietary guidelines are:
Dietary Guidelines. How can they
- To reach and maintain a healthy weight, engage in physical activity and consume adequate amounts of
help guide your menu planning?
nutritious food and beverages to fulfill your energy requirements.
- Consume a broad range of healthy foods.
- Limit your consumption of foods high in saturated fat, added salt, added sugars, and alcohol.
- Breastfeeding should be encouraged, supported, and promoted.
- Take care of your food by properly preparing and storing it.
This can help prepare a healthy menu that will be preferred by all the clients.

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