ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

RECTIFIER
NURYANA ALIAS
PIMPA SOOWAN
HARTINI ABD HAMID
 RECTIFIER

AUTHORS
NURYANA ALIAS
PIMPA SOOWAN
HARTINI ABD HAMID

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Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah (PTSB)

Kulim Hi-Tech Park,
09090 Kulim, Kedah.

e ISBN 978-968-0855-86-8
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious an the Most merciful,

Alhamdulillah, all the praises to Allah for the strength and His Blessings in
completing this eBook.

We would like to express our appreciation to the Department of Polytechnic

education, which gave us the idea to produce this eBook. Our sincerest
appreciation also to Pn Ida Safinar as Head of Electrical Department of
Polytechnic Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah for helping us with motivation,
guidance and inspiration that help us to finish the eBook. We owe a profound
feeling of appreciation for our deepest gratitude goes to our beloved parents
and families for their endless love prayers and encouragement. To those who
indirectly contributed to this eBook, your kindness means a lot to us. Finally,
we would like to thank each other. None of us alone could have accomplished
the work. Working with the team was always a privilege.

SYNOPSIS
POWER ELECTRONICS is aimed to equip students with the knowledge and
skills related to power electronic devices and its application in power
conversion. This e-book is written to provide the basic knowledge AC to DC
converter. This e-book also will focus on the operational principle of AC to DC
converter in clear and concise explanation of all the important concepts,
support by figures and summary of equation. It’s also included the examples
with worked solutions. This e-book consists the principle operation and
application of single-phase and three-phase AC to DC converter. This e-book
also Investigate the principle operation of single-phase half wave and full wave
AC to DC converter Its also to enable quick revision of important concept and
principle.
 1 INTRODUCTION TO RECTIFIER PAGE 01

APPLICATION PAGE 01

2 UNCONTROLLED RECTIFICATIONS PAGE 02

UNCONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIER PAGE 02

WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
PAGE 04
WITH RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOAD
UNCONTROLLED CENTER TAP RECTIFIER PAGE 07
WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
UNCONTROLLED CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER
PAGE 09
WITH RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOAD
UNCONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER PAGE 11
WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
UNCONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER PAGE 13
WITH RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOAD

3 CONTROLLED RECTIFICATIONS
CONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH
PAGE 15

PAGE 15
RESISTIVE LOAD
CONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS WITH
PAGE 17
RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOAD
CONTROLLED CENTRE TAP RECTIFIERS WITH
CONTENTS

RESISTIVE LOAD PAGE 19

CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS WITH

RESISTIVE LOAD 24 PAGE 20

CONTROLLED CENTRE TAP RECTIFIERS WITH

RESISTIVE INDUCTIVE LOAD PAGE 23

CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS WITH

RESISTIVE INDUCTIVE LOAD PAGE 25

4 TUTORIAL PAGE 28

ANSWERS PAGE 29

REFERENCES
1. Introduction To Rectifier

The most widely used application of power electronic devices has been in

rectification. Rectification refers to the process of converting an AC voltage or

current source to DC voltage and current. A rectifier is an electrical device that

converts AC which periodically reverses direction, to DC which flows in only one

direction. Rectifiers specifically refer to power electronic converters where the

electrical power flows from the AC side to the DC side.

APPLICATIONS
A rectifier is an electrical component that converts

alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A

rectifier is analogous to a one-way valve that allows an

electrical current to flow in only one direction. The

process of converting AC current to DC current is

known as rectification. Industrial rectifiers are used to

convert AC power to DC power for many different

applications. Typical applications of rectifier in industry

are arc-furnace control, electro-winning, haulage truck

assist, winder/elevator armature & field converters,

electro-plating, soft starters, heater control, portable

hand tool drives, dc motor drive(steel-rolling mills,

paper mills, printing presses and textile mills),

electrochemical and electrometallurgical processes,

Magnet power supplies, High voltage dc transmission

etc.

RECTIFIER [ 1 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
In this type of rectifier, the produced DC output power is fixed with the converter

used. They usually employ diodes as their power switches. The following subsections

deal with the basic operation of some examples of uncontrolled rectifiers single-

phase half-wave, center-tap and bridge rectifier loaded with resistive and series

resistive inductive loads.

UNCONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH R LOAD

Single-Phase Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with Resistive Load Figure 2-1

shows the basic circuit for a single-phase, half-wave uncontrolled rectifier

supplying a resistive load.

Figure 2 1: Uncontrolled Half -wave Rectifier with Resistive

The operation for the uncontrolled half-wave rectifier with resistive when the

diode, D will be in the forward bias condition during the first half cycle and

the output voltage will appear from 0 to π. The input voltage appears across

the load as shown in Figure 2-2 below. For this configuration, the diode will

conduct (becomes forward-biased) whenever the supply voltage Vs is

positive. This means that, during the positive half cycle, (0 < ωt < π ), The

diode conducts and behaves like a closed switch connecting the supply to

the load. Current output will flow through the load and since the load is

resistive, the load current waveform will be replica of the voltage waveform.

The current wave form1is shown in Figure 2(d). Vo = Vs. then when during

negative half cycle Diode D1 in blocking condition (reverse biased). The

Output voltage is zero. Vo = 0V.

The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

RECTIFIER [ 2 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier

‑
Figure 2 2: Output voltage and current waveform of half-wave uncontrolled rectifier

with resistive load

The average output current is as follow;

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

and

RECTIFIER [ 3 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
EXAMPLE 1
The uncontrolled half-wave rectifier in Figure 2 is connected to a source voltage of

120V at a frequency of 60 Hz. The load resistor is 10ohm. Determine the average load

voltage and current, and power absorbed by the load of the circuit

SOLUTION
From the eq. 1 the average output voltage is:

The average output current can be calculated using eq. 2

The average power absorbed by the resistor is:

UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE AND

INDUCTIVE LOAD

The uncontrolled half-wave rectifier with resistive and inductive load (RL) load is

shown in Figure 2-3.

Figure 2 -3 : Uncontrolled Half -wave Rectifier with Resistive and Inductive Load

RECTIFIER [ 4 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
The operation for the uncontrolled half-wave rectifier with resistive and inductive

load is not much different from the basic resistive load that has been discuss

before. The diode, D will be in the forward bias condition during the first half cycle

and the output voltage will appear from 0 to π. However, during the second half

cycle, the output continues until extinction angle, β as shown in figure 2-4 below.

This happen due to inductor where energy store in magnetic field is discharge when

there is no current flowing in the circuit.

With the additional inductor the output current will be lags to the output voltage.

Output current gradually increase to maximum value during the positive cycle and

will gradually decrease to zero during negative cycle. The current wave form is

shown in figure 2-8.

Figure 2 4: Output voltage and current waveform of uncontrolled half-wave rectifier with

Resistive and Inductive Load

The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

The average output current is as follow;

RECTIFIER [ 5 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
Where

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

and

EXAMPLE 2:
A 50Hz single-phase half-wave rectifier with resistive and inductive load as shown

in figure 2-3 is supplied to Vm = 120 V, resistive and inductive load R = 10 Ω and L =

50mH respectively. With extinction angle, β = 45°, calculate the average output

voltage and current.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 5 the average output voltage is:

The average output current can be calculated using eq. 6

RECTIFIER [ 6 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
UNCONTROLLED CENTER TAP RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 2-5 presents the circuit connection for a single-phase center tap rectifier

loaded with a resistive load. It is sometimes referred to as the full-wave bridge

rectifier. The input voltage appears across the load as shown in Figure 2-6 below.

For this configuration, the two diodes will alternately conduct during each interval

to provide a closed loop for the current. D1 conduct whenever the supply voltage Vs

is positive while D2 conduct whenever the supply voltage Vs is negative as

illustrated by Figure 2-6. Since the load is a resistive load. Then, the load current

will have the same waveform as the load voltage

Figure 2 5 Uncontrolled Full-wave Centre-tap Rectifier with Resistive

Figure 2 4: Output voltage and current waveform of uncontrolled half-wave rectifier with

Resistive and Inductive Load

RECTIFIER [ 7 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

The average output current is as follow;

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

and

EXAMPLE 3:
The uncontrolled center tap rectifier in Figure 2-5 is connected to a source voltage

of Vm=240 at a frequency of 60 Hz. The load resistor is 10 Ω. Determine the average

load voltage and current of the circuit.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 9 the average output voltage is:

The average output current can be calculated using eq. 10

RECTIFIER [ 8 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
UNCONTROLLED CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE AND
INDUCTIVE LOAD

The circuit presents in Figure 2-7 is an uncontrolled center tap rectifier leaded with

resistive load. Similar with the previous configuration, one diode will be conduct

during each interval thus making the output continuous.

Figure 2 7: Uncontrolled full -wave center-tap Rectifier with Resistive and Inductive Load

During positive cycle from (0 < ωt < π), D1 is in forward bias making close path for

current to flow. Likewise, during negative cycle ranging between ( π < ωt < 2 π), D2

is in forward bias and providing path for current to flow in the circuit. The output

waveform for both voltage and current are shown in figure 2-8. Noticing the current

waveform having less ripple compared to the voltage waveform. This due to the

present of inductor in the load. The bigger value inductor, the smaller ripple in the

current waveform.

Figure 2-8: Output voltage and current waveform of uncontrolled full-wave center tap rectifier

with Resistive and Inductive Load

RECTIFIER [ 9 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

The average output current is as follow;

Where

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

and

EXAMPLE 4:
A 50Hz single-phase center tap rectifier with resistive and inductive load as shown

in figure 2-7 is supplied to 240V, resistive and inductive load R = 50 Ω and L = 50mH
respectively. Calculate the average output voltage and current.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 13 the average output voltage is:

The average output current can be calculated using eq. 14

RECTIFIER [ 10 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
UNCONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 2 9: Uncontrolled Full-wave Bridge Rectifier with Resistive

Figure 2-9 presents the circuit connection for an uncontrolled bridge rectifier

loaded with a resistive load. There are four diodes were used in this circuit. This

bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre-tapped transformer,

thereby reducing its size and cost. It is commonly used in industrial application. The

operation of this circuit during positive half cycle Diode D1 and D2 conducts, and

the input voltage appear across the load for (0 < ωt < π). The input voltage appears
across the load as shown in Figure 2-10 below. During negative half cycle Diode D3

and D4 conducts, and the input voltage appear across the load for ( π < ωt < 2π).

Figure 2-10 : Output voltage and current waveform of bridge uncontrolled rectifier with

resistive load

The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

RECTIFIER [ 11 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
The average output current is as follow;

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

And

EXAMPLE 5:
A single phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier in Figure 2-9 is connected to a source

voltage of 240V at a frequency of 60 Hz. The load resistor is 50 Ω. Determine the

rms load voltage and current of the circuit.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 19 the rms output voltage is:

The average output current can be calculated using eq. 20

RECTIFIER [ 12 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier
UNCONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE AND
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Figure 2-11 show an uncontrolled bridge rectifier with resistive and inductive load.

During positive half cycle D1 and D2 are in forward bias condition. Current from the

source voltage will flow through these diodes to reach the load and flow back to the

source. During negative cycle, the conducting diodes will switch to D3 and D4 as the

change the polarity in source will make these two diodes in forward bias.

Figure 2-11: Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier with Resistive and Inductive Load

The output voltage and output current are show in figure 2-12 below. Noticed that

even with additional inductive load, the output voltage is similar with the Uncontrolled

Bridge Rectifier with Resistive, where there is no extinction angle, β. This is due to

continuation current flow in the circuit leaving no room for the inductor to discharge

the energy stored. The output current is become continuous because the present of

inductor. The larger inductor value, the less ripple will be seen in the output current

waveform.

Figure 2-12: Output Voltage and Current Waveform of Uncontrolled Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

with Resistive And Inductive Load

The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

RECTIFIER [ 13 ]
2. Uncontrolled Rectifier

The average output current is as follow

Where

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

and

EXAMPLE 6:
A 50Hz single-phase bridge rectifier with resistive and inductive load as shown in figure 2-11 is

supplied to 240V, resistive and inductive load R = 50 Ω and L = 20mH respectively. Calculate

the rms output voltage and current.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 23 the rms output voltage is:

The rms output current can be calculated using eq. 24

RECTIFIER [ 14 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
In this controlled rectifier, the switches used are change from diode to SCR. The

circuit will not conduct until a forward current is apply to the gate. The following

subsections discuss with the basic operation of some examples of controlled

rectifiers single-phase half-wave, centre-tap and bridge rectifier loaded with

resistive and series resistive inductive loads.

CONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 3-1: Controlled Half Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load

A circuit diagram showing in figure 3-1 is the controlled half-wave rectifier with

resistive load. During the positive cycle SCR is in the forward blocking mode where

no current will pass through the switch. When gate is applied to a forward current

at ωt=α, the SCR will start to conduct and current are able to flow pass-through

load. The output voltage, Vo become equal to supply voltage, Vs.

During negative cycle SCR is in reverse bias and will not conducting through the

entire cycle. Current will not ably flow in the circuit thus making both output voltage

and current Vo and Io become zero. The waveform for the controlled half-wave

rectifier is shown in figure 3-2.

Figure 3-2: Output Voltage and Current Waveform of Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load

RECTIFIER [ 15 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
The average output voltage Vo(ave) can be determined as;

The average output current is as follow

For the rms output voltage and current are as follow:

And

EXAMPLE 7:
A 50Hz single-phase half-wave rectifier with resistive load as shown in figure 3-1 is

supplied to 240V, resistive load R = 20 Ω. With firing angle, α = 30°, Determine the

average load voltage and current, and power absorbed by the load of the circuit.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 25 the rms output voltage is:

The rms output current can be calculated using eq. 26

RECTIFIER [ 16 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
The average power absorbed by the resistor is

CONTROLLED HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS WITH RESISTIVE AND

INDUCTIVE LOAD

Figure 3-3: Halfwave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive and Inductive Load

A single phase halfwave controlled rectifier with inductive load is shown in Figure 3-

3. Inductive load means the load consist of resistance and inductance. During

positive half cycle of input voltage SCR is in forward biased condition but is not

conduct. When a gating signal is applied to get terminal at ωt=α, SCR is turned on.

The output voltage, Vo become equal to supply voltage, Vs. The inductor forces the

output current, Io to increase gradually until it’s reached the maximum value. After

reached a maximum value then the output current will start to decrease. At ωt=2π,
the output voltage, Vo become zero but the output current, Io is not zero due to

inductor, L. The output current, Io forcing SCR to continue to conduct until the

inductor is fully discharge at ωt=π+β. SCR will turn off until it is firing again on the

next cycle. The output voltage and current waveform is shown in figure 3-4.

Figure 3-4: Output Voltage and Current Waveform of Single Phase Halfwave Controlled

Rectifier with Resistive and Inductive Load

RECTIFIER [ 17 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
The average output voltage, Vo(ave) is given as

The average output current, Io(ave) is given by

The RMS value of load voltage, Vo(rms) is determine by

The average output current, Io(rms) is given by

where

EXAMPLE 8:
A 50Hz single-phase controlled half-wave rectifier with resistive and inductive load

as shown in figure 3-3 is supplied to Vm = 120V, resistive and inductive load R = 50 Ω

and L = 20mH respectively. Assuming the firing angle and extinction angle are equal

α = β = 30°, calculate the rms output voltage and current.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 31 the rms output voltage is:

RECTIFIER [ 18 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
The rms output current can be calculated using eq. 32

CONTROLLED CENTRE TAP RECTIFIERS WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 3-5: Controlled full wave centre tap rectifiers with resistive load

A circuit diagram of a full wave controlled rectifiers using centre tap with resistive

load is shown in Figure 3-5. Terminal a is more positive with respect to terminal n,

and terminal n is more positive with respect to terminal b.

During positive half cycle of input voltage SCR1 is in forward biased and SCR2 is in

reverse biased. SCR1 will not conduct until a triggering pulse applied to terminal get

at ωt=α. SCR1 start to conduct. Output voltages appear across the load. When

supply voltage cross zero at ωt=, SCR1 will reverse biased and turn off.

During negative half cycle of input voltage SCR1 is reverse biased and SCR2 is

forward biased. SCR2 will not conduct until a triggering pulse applied to terminal

get at ωt=+α. SCR2 start to conduct. Output voltages appear across the load.

When supply voltage cross zero at ωt=2, SCR2 reverse biased and turn off. This

process of SCR turns off when supply voltage cross zero is called natural

commutation or line commutation. Output voltage and current waveform of full

wave controlled centre tap rectifier with resistive load is shown in figure 3-6.

The average output voltage, Vo(ave) is given as

RECTIFIER [ 19 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier

Figure 3-6: Output Voltage and Current Waveform of Single Phase Full wave Controlled Centre

Tap Rectifier with Resistive Load

The average output current, Io(ave) is given by

The RMS value of load voltage, Vo(rms) is determine by

The average output current, Io(rms) is given by

CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

Figure 3-7: Controlled Full Wave Bridge Rectifier with Resistive Load

RECTIFIER [ 20 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
Figure 3-7 shows the circuit diagram of a single phase full wave controlled bridge

rectifier with resistive load. It consists of four SCR. A pair of SCR is turn on and off

simultaneously.

During positive half cycle of input voltage, SCR1 & SCR2 are in forward biased

condition while SCR3 & SCR4 are in reverse biased. When SCR1 & SCR2 are

triggered at ωt=α, SCR’s start to conduct. The current flow through the circuit and

output voltage appears across the load. When supply voltage cross zero at ωt=π,
SCR will turn to reverse biased and commutated.

During negative half cycle SCR3 & SCR4 are triggered at ωt=π+α. SCR’s start to

conduct until the supply voltage reach zero at ωt=2π. SCR will turn off due to

natural commutation. The process will repeat on the next cycle. The out waveform is

shown in Figure 3-8.

Figure 3-8: Output voltage and current waveform of single phase full wave controlled bridge

rectifier with resistive load

The average output voltage, Vo(ave) is given as

The average output current, Io(ave) is given by

RECTIFIER [ 21 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
The RMS value of load voltage, Vo(rms) is determined by

The average output current, Io(rms) is given by

EXAMPLE 9:
A 50Hz single-phase controlled full-wave rectifier with resistive load is supplied to

200V, resistive load R = 20 Ω. With firing angle, α = 45°, Determine the average

load voltage and current, and power absorbed by the load of the circuit.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 25 the rms output voltage is:

The rms output current can be calculated using eq. 26

The average power absorbed by the resistor is

RECTIFIER [ 22 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
CONTROLLED CENTRE TAP RECTIFIERS WITH RESISTIVE
INDUCTIVE LOAD

(a) Circuit diagram

(b) Output voltage and current for discontinuous load current mode ( α>β).

≥β
Figure 3 9: Single phase full wave controlled rectifiers using centre tap with inductive load. (a)

Circuit diagram (b) output voltage and current for discontinuous load current mode ( α ).

A circuit diagram in Figure 3-9 shows a single phase full wave controlled rectifiers

using centre tap with inductive load. Inductive load means the load consist of

resistance and inductance. During positive half cycle of input voltage SCR1 is in

forward biased and SCR2 is in reverse biased. SCR1 will not conduct until a

triggering pulse applied to terminal get at ωt=α. SCR1 start to conduct. The current

increase gradually due to inductive load. The current will increase until it reached a

maximum value and start to decrease. The output voltage appears across the load.

When supply voltage reached zero at ωt=π, SCR1 continue to conduct due to

discharging of inductor current. SCR1 is forced to conduct until inductor is fully

discharge at ωt=π+β.

During negative half cycle of input voltage SCR2 is forward biased. SCR2 will not

conduct until a triggering pulse applied to terminal get at ωt=+α. Output voltages
appear across the load. When supply voltage cross zero at ωt=2, SCR2 will force to
conduct until inductor is fully discharge at ωt=2π+β.

RECTIFIER [ 23 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
In this case the circuit is conduct in discontinuous load current mode ( α ≥β ). In this

mode of conduction, the value of load current will reach zero. Figure 3-9 (a) show

the output voltage and current for discontinuous load current mode ( α>β).

Figure 3 10: output voltage and current for continuous load current mode ( β ≥α ).

For β ≥α , the circuit will conduct in continuous load current mode. The output

voltage and current are shown in Figure 3-10. If the load inductor value is large will

produce a load current with small ripple and can be neglect. The output voltage will

be like a dc voltage.

The average output voltage, Vo(ave) is given as

The average output current, Io(ave) is given by

The RMS value of load voltage, Vo(rms) is determined by

The average output current, Io(rms) is given by

where

RECTIFIER [ 24]
3. Controlled Rectifier
CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIERS WITH RESISTIVE INDUCTIVE
LOAD

(a) Circuit diagram

(b) Output voltage and current for discontinuous load current mode ( α>β).

≥β
Figure 3-11: Single phase full wave controlled rectifiers using bridge with inductive load. (a)

Circuit diagram (b) output voltage and current for discontinuous load current mode ( α ).

Circuit diagram of a single phase full wave controlled bridge rectifier with inductive

load is shown in Figure 3-11.

During positive half cycle of input voltage, SCR1 & SCR2 are in forward biased

condition while SCR3 & SCR4 are in reverse biased. When SCR1 & SCR2 are

triggered at firing angle α, SCR start to conduct. The current flow through the

circuit and output voltage appears across the load. The load current is gradually

increase due to inductor load until it reaches maximum value, then it will start to

decrease. When supply voltage cross zero at ωt=π, inductor current is continuing to
discharge force SCR to continue to conduct until inductor is fully discharge at

ωt=+β. There will be a negative output voltage appear across the load.

RECTIFIER [ 25 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
During negative half cycle of input voltage SCR3 & SCR4 turn to forward biased

while SCR1 & SCR2 are reverse biased. When triggered at ωt=π+α, SCR3 & SCR4

start to conduct. Inductor current gradually increase to maximum and start to

decrease. As explain earlier, when input voltage reaches zero at 2, SCR continue

to conduct until inductor current is fully discharge at ωt=2+β. There will be part of

negative voltage appear across the load. Figure 3-11 show the output voltage and

current for discontinuous load current mode ( α>β).

For β ≥α the circuit will conduct in continuous load current mode. The small ripple

current can be neglected. The output voltage will be like a dc voltage. The output

voltage and load current are shown in figure 3-12.

‑
≥α
Figure 3 12: Single phase full wave controlled bridge rectifiers output voltage and current for

continuous load current mode ( β ).

The average output voltage, Vo(ave) is given as

The average output current, Io(ave) is given by

The RMS value of load voltage, Vo(rms) is determined by

RECTIFIER [ 26 ]
3. Controlled Rectifier
The average output current, Io(rms) is given by

where

EXAMPLE 10:
A 50Hz single-phase controlled half-wave rectifier with resistive and inductive load

as shown in figure 3-3 is supplied to Vm = 120V, resistive and inductive load R = 50 Ω

and L = 20mH respectively. Assuming the firing angle and extinction angle are α
=45° and β = 30° respectively, calculate the rms output voltage and current.

SOLUTION
From the eq. 47 the rms output voltage is:

The rms output current can be calculated using eq. 48

RECTIFIER [ 27 ]
 TUTORIAL

1) With the aid diagram of circuit and waveform explain the operation
for single-phase half-wave uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load.

2) With the aid diagram of circuit and waveform explain the operation
for center-tap controlled rectifier with resistive load.

3) With the aid diagram of circuit and waveform explain the operation
for controlled bridge rectifier with resistive and inductive load for
discontinuous load.

4) A rectifier using two SCR as a switch. Calculate the average

voltage and current if the input voltage is 240V, R=20Ω, and α=30ᵒ.

5) A half wave‐diode rectifier is used to control a moto load.

Calculate the voltage output average. Given the input voltage was 120V
and β=45ᵒ.

6) Calculate the average output voltage for the controlled half‐wave

rectifier with Resistive load if the input voltage is 300V and the
firing angle is 60ᵒ.

7) Calculate the triggering angle (α) if a rectifier has an input of

240V, 50Hz feed to a full-wave controlled rectifier with a 10Ω load
and the average output DC is 45V.

8)A single-phase, half-wave controlled rectifier is connected to a

voltage source of V(t)= 170 sin 2πft. The frequency of the supply is
50Hz. If the output voltage is 38.73V, calculate the firing angle, α
to a load 10Ω load

[ 28 ]
 ANSWER
1) During the positive cycle, D is forward bias and will be
conducting. The output will appear during the interval (0 < ωt < π).
During the negative cycle D is reverse bias and will not be
conducting. The output will become zero during the interval (0 < ωt <
π). The circuit and output wave is show in figure below.

2) During positive half cycle of input voltage SCR1 is in forward

biased and SCR2 is in reverse biased. SCR1 will not conduct until a
triggering pulse applied to terminal get at ωt=α. SCR1 start to
conduct. Output voltages appear across the load. When supply voltage
cross zero at ωt=π, SCR1 will reverse biased and turn off. During
negative half cycle of input voltage SCR1 is reverse biased and SCR2
is forward biased. SCR2 will not conduct until a triggering pulse
applied to terminal get at ωt=π+α. SCR2 start to conduct. Output
voltages appear across the load. When supply voltage cross zero at
ωt=2π, SCR2 reverse biased and turn off. The circuit and output wave
is show in figure below.

[ 29 ]
 ANSWER
3) During positive half cycle of input voltage, SCR1 & SCR2 are in
forward biased condition while SCR3 & SCR4 are in reverse biased. When
SCR1 & SCR2 are triggered at firing angle α, SCR start to conduct. The
current flow through the circuit and output voltage appears across the
load. The load current is gradually increase due to inductor load
until it reaches maximum value, then it will start to decrease. When
supply voltage cross zero at ωt=π, inductor current is continuing to
discharge force SCR to continue to conduct until inductor is fully
discharge at ωt=π+β. There will be a negative output voltage appear
across the load. During negative half cycle of input voltage SCR3 &
SCR4 turn to forward biased while SCR1 & SCR2 are reverse biased. When
triggered at ωt=π+α, SCR3 & SCR4 start to conduct. Inductor current
gradually increase to maximum and start to decrease. As explain
earlier, when input voltage reaches zero at 2π, SCR continue to
conduct until inductor current is fully discharge at ωt=2π+β. There
will be part of negative voltage appear across the load. The circuit
and output wave is show in figure below.

4)

[ 30]
 ANSWER

5)

6)

7)

8)

[ 31 ]
Chitode, J. S. (2014). Power Electronics Devices &
Circuits. Technical Publications

Hamid, A.H & Soowan, P. (2020). Power Electronics.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.

Mohan, N. (2012). Electric Power Systems. A First

Course. New York, United States: John Wiley & Sons
Inc.

Rashid, M. H. (2013). Power Electronics: Circuits,

Devices, and Applications. Harlow, United Kingdom:
Pearson Education Limited.

REFERENCES
PUBLISHER