BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

Electrical Sciences
Mar. 2023-Jul. 2023
Tutorial Instructor: Sainath Bitragunta, EEE Dept.,
sainath.bitragunta@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

EEE F111
Electrical Sciences

Tutorial No. 11 (Review, Problems & Discussion)

 Review: Open Circuited Junction
Unneurtralized ions
𝒑 ≈ 𝑵𝑨 Uncovered charges 𝒏 ≈ 𝑵𝑫 Depletion region/Space-charge region
(deleted of mobile charges)

(−𝒗𝒆 integral
𝟐
(Poisson’s 𝒅 𝑽 𝝆 of 𝓔)
= −
eqn.) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝝐 𝑽𝟎

𝝐 = 𝝐𝟎 𝝐𝒓
𝑵𝑨 𝑵𝑫
(permittivity) 𝑽𝟎 = 𝑽𝑻 𝐥𝐧
𝒏𝟐𝒊

𝒙
𝒅𝑽 𝝆
𝓔=− = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟎 𝝐

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 Review: Junction Diode

diode in forward bias (FB) diode in Reverse Bias (RB)

• Diode current equation:
𝑽
𝜼𝑽𝑻
𝑺
Reverse saturation FB ( , )
current 𝑰𝒔 (or 𝑰𝟎 )
• Reverse saturation current 𝒔
• Small current (𝝁𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝑨) flow
because a small number of
RB hole−electron pairs generated
throughout the crystal due to
Fig. Ideal diode plot thermal energy
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 Review: Practical Diode
Equivalent circuit of
diode in ON state (FB)

Forward
resistance

• In reverse bias
diode behaves as large
Cut in voltage 𝜸 reverse resistance 𝒓

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 Problems

• P6.19

• P6.23

• P6.26

• P6.42

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 Problem
Q. A diode has a reverse saturation current of at
𝒔

Answer the following:

Determine the current when the forward bias (FB) voltage is
Determine the FB voltage that results in a current of .
Suppose that this diode is used in the circuit shown in Fig. If 𝟏
what value of results in a current of

Fig. A simple diode circuit

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 Solution

Given:
𝒔

𝒗
Diode current 𝑺
𝜼𝑽𝑻

𝟎.𝟕
𝟗 𝟐×𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟗

𝒊
Verify that 𝑻 𝒆 𝑰 Given:
𝒔
𝒔
𝟑
𝒆 𝟗

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 Solution

Using verify that

𝟏 𝑹

𝑹 𝟏 𝑹

𝑹
𝟏
𝟑

Bonus Q. Determine the power dissipated in the diode.

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 Problem

Q. A diode is forward biased at and at

Determine the reverse saturation current of the diode at

𝒗𝑫
Diode current 𝑫 𝑺
𝜼𝑽𝑻

𝑫
𝑺 𝒗𝑫
𝜼𝑽𝑻

For
𝑫
𝑺 𝒗𝑫
𝑽𝑻

Fig. characteristic of a junction diode

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 Solution

Note that Given:

𝑻
Verify that 𝑻 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝑫
𝑺 𝒗𝑫 𝟎.𝟑 𝑽
𝑽𝑻 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝑽

Given:

𝑻
Verify that 𝑻 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝒊𝑫 𝟎.𝟓 𝑨
𝑺 𝒗𝑫 𝟎.𝟑 𝑽
𝒆 𝑽𝑻 𝟏 𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝑽 𝟏

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 Solution

Note that Given:

𝑻
Verify that 𝑻 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝑫
𝑺 𝒗𝑫 𝟎.𝟑 𝑽
𝑽𝑻 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟗 𝑽

Given:

𝑻
Verify that 𝑻 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝑫
𝑺 𝒗𝑫 𝟎.𝟑 𝑽
𝑽𝑻 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝑽

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 Problem

Q. For the diode circuit shown

in Fig., 𝒔 and the
diode has a saturation
current of at

Given that
determine:

𝟐 when 𝟏

𝟏 when 𝟐

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 Solution
Given: 𝟏

𝒔 𝟏
𝟐

𝒗
• Objective: To determine 𝟐 𝒊𝟐

From verify that 𝒔 𝟏

• Computation of
𝟏 𝒔
𝑻 𝒆
𝒔
𝟏
We have 𝟏
𝟏

Since 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

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 Solution
Given: 𝟏

𝒔 𝟏
𝟐

𝒗𝟏
• Objective: To determine 𝟏 𝒊𝟏

From verify that 𝒔 𝟏

• Computation of
𝟏 𝒔
𝑻 𝒆
𝒔

We have 𝟐
𝟐

Verify that 𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏

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 Review: Circuits

• Also called slicers, limiters or amplitude selectors

• Used to select for transmission that part of an arbitrary waveform which lies above
or below some reference voltage level
• Consists of resistor(s) and non-linear elements like diodes or transistors

𝒂 & 𝒄 :
Shunt
Clipped part clippers

𝒃 & 𝒅 :
Series
clippers
(one level)

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 Example
• Assumption: Ideal diode

𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝑹𝟏
= 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)

+𝒗𝒆
Half-cycle
−𝒗𝒆
Half-cycle

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

O/p voltage O/p voltage

Positive
slicer

I/p voltage

𝟎 𝑹𝟏 𝒊 𝑹𝟏
𝟎 𝒊 𝑹𝟏 𝒊 𝑹𝟐
𝟎 𝑹𝟐 𝒊 𝑹𝟐
where
𝒊 𝒎
𝒊 𝒎

I/p voltage

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 Problem

Q. Refer to the ideal

diode circuit given in
𝟐 Fig.

Suppose the input

voltage to the
𝟏 resulting clipper
circuit is
𝒔

• Determine the output voltage and sketch the output.

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 Solution

𝟎 𝒊 𝑹𝟏
𝟎 𝒊 𝑹𝟏 𝒊 𝑹𝟐
𝟎 𝒊 𝑹𝟐
where
𝒊

*Discussion in class
Fig. Sketch of the output waveform
(one cycle)

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